Adnexitis, a term formerly used to denote inflammation of the adnexal parts of the uterus (the ovaries and the fallopian tubes, hence it was often mentioned as salpingo-oophoritis in the literature) is now more commonly enclosed in pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), an infectious disorder of the upper genital tract that is principally seen in younger and sexually active women [1] [3] [4]. Many authors describe "adnexal masses" as distinct clinical entities, which may arise due to ovarian, tubal, or other abdominal etiologies in addition to PID [3]. Furthermore, the term "male adnexitis" was also used by some studies to illustrate this condition in males [2]. Regardless of the etiology, symptoms in the form of pelvic or abdominal pain, as well as tenderness and fever appear when the adnexa are affected by a pathological process [5] [6].

The diagnosis of adnexitis and adnexal pathologies relies on the ability of the physician to recognize the key signs and symptoms [5] [6]. For this reason, a detailed patient history and a thorough physical examination are crucial steps toward the diagnosis. Basic information, such as age, at-risk behavior, and ethnicity may significantly aid in narrowing the differential diagnosis if an adnexal mass is identified [4] [6]. As soon as clinical suspicion is raised, a full laboratory evaluation consisting of a complete blood count (CBC), serum inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and fibrinogen), a full coagulation panel, and serum electrolytes should be conducted [3] [6]. Ultrasonography (both abdominal, but more commonly transvaginal) is a useful first-line study that can detect numerous pathologies in the adnexa, but computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are often recommended to solidify the diagnosis [3] [4] [5] [6].

Treatment for adnexitis typically involves antibiotics to address the underlying bacterial infection. The choice of antibiotics depends on the suspected or confirmed causative organisms. In severe cases, hospitalization and intravenous antibiotics may be required. Pain management and supportive care are also important components of treatment. Sexual partners should be evaluated and treated to prevent reinfection.

With prompt and appropriate treatment, the prognosis for adnexitis is generally good. Most women recover fully without long-term complications. However, delayed or inadequate treatment can lead to serious outcomes, such as chronic pelvic pain, ectopic pregnancy, or infertility. Early diagnosis and adherence to treatment are key to a favorable prognosis.

Adnexitis is most commonly caused by bacterial infections, particularly those associated with sexually transmitted infections like Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Other bacteria, including those normally found in the vagina, can also cause the condition. Risk factors include multiple sexual partners, a history of STIs, and douching, which can disrupt the natural balance of bacteria in the vagina.

Adnexitis is a common condition, particularly among sexually active women of reproductive age. It is estimated that millions of women worldwide are affected each year. The incidence is higher in women with risk factors such as a history of STIs or multiple sexual partners. Public health efforts focus on prevention and early treatment to reduce the incidence and complications associated with the disease.

The pathophysiology of adnexitis involves the ascent of bacteria from the lower genital tract to the upper reproductive organs. This can lead to inflammation and infection of the fallopian tubes and ovaries. The inflammatory response can cause scarring and adhesions, which may result in complications like infertility or chronic pelvic pain. The body's immune response plays a crucial role in the development and resolution of the condition.

Preventing adnexitis involves reducing risk factors and promoting safe sexual practices. This includes using condoms, limiting the number of sexual partners, and regular screening for STIs. Educating patients about the risks of douching and the importance of seeking medical care for symptoms of infection can also help prevent the condition. Vaccination against certain STIs, like human papillomavirus (HPV), may also play a role in prevention.

Adnexitis is an inflammation of the female reproductive organs, often caused by bacterial infections. It presents with symptoms like abdominal pain and unusual discharge, but can sometimes be asymptomatic. Diagnosis involves clinical evaluation and laboratory tests, while treatment typically includes antibiotics. Early intervention is crucial to prevent complications such as infertility. Understanding the risk factors and promoting preventive measures are key to reducing the incidence of this condition.

For patients, adnexitis is a condition that affects the reproductive organs and can cause symptoms like abdominal pain and unusual discharge. It is often caused by infections, including those transmitted sexually. Treatment usually involves antibiotics, and it is important to complete the full course of medication. Practicing safe sex and getting regular health check-ups can help prevent adnexitis. If you experience symptoms, it is important to seek medical attention promptly to avoid complications.

1. Lauper U, Schlatter C. Adnexitis and pelvic inflammatory disease. [Article in German] Gynakol Geburtshilfliche Rundsch. 2005;45(1):14-18.
2. Diemer T, Gralla O. Male adnexitis. [Article in German] Urologe A. 2008;47(12):1573.
3. Porter RS, Kaplan JL. Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. 19th Edition. Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. Whitehouse Station, N.J; 2011.
4. Biggs WS, Marks ST. Diagnosis and Management of Adnexal Masses. Am Fam Physician. 2016;93(8):676-681.
5. Gradison M. Pelvic inflammatory disease. Am Fam Physician. 2012;85(8):791-796.
6. Bhavsar AK, Gelner EJ, Shorma T. Common Questions About the Evaluation of Acute Pelvic Pain. Am Fam Physician. 2016;93(1):41-48.