Presentation
[…] rash is present; usually maculopapular, but may be scarlatiniform.3 The rash begins peripherally on extensor surfaces of the extremities and spreads centrally sparing the face, palms, and soles. [accesspediatrics.mhmedical.com]
The patient presented fever which ranged from 37.6 to 38.5 °C. A throat culture was obtained; in the bacteriological culture, A. Haemolyticum was identified. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Patients present with a sore throat, pharyngeal erythema, fever, exanthema, and swollen lymph nodes. [statpearls.com]
One week after the last debridement, the patient presented to the emergency department with fever, hypotension, and severe left foot pain. [liebertpub.com]
The various clinical presentations include chronic wound infection, ankle joint infection, foot ulcer and osteomyelitis. [jacmjournal.org]
Entire Body System
- Pain
The most common symptoms of cellulitis are an inflamed, swollen area that is painful and warm to the touch. [webmd.com]
One week after the last debridement, the patient presented to the emergency department with fever, hypotension, and severe left foot pain. [liebertpub.com]
Case Report A 50-year-old female presented to the emergency department with a history of pain and swelling in the right knee, fever, vomiting and dyspnoea of two weeks. [jacmjournal.org]
Case report A 21-year-old Caucasian female with known congenital heart disease presented with a five-day history of fever, lethargy and a swollen, painful left calf. [ann-clinmicrob.biomedcentral.com]
- Weakness
[…] identification of this bacillus is, therefore, necessary in order to begin correct antibiotic therapy even though it could easily pass unrecognized in bacteriological cultures as a result of its slow growth, coryneform appearance in the Gram stain and weak [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Rough biotypes possess rough and irregular colony edges, have weak to no β-hemolysis and are isolated mainly from the respiratory tract. [elsevier.es]
On completion of the antibiotic course, the patient had some mild residual weakness and resting tremor of her right lower limb. Repeat transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiograms showed no evidence of endocarditic phenomena. [ann-clinmicrob.biomedcentral.com]
- Inflammation
Lancet (1973) i: 378–379 Google Scholar Cook IF, Cabral DA, Reed WD, Bond RJ, Henderson A: Intracranial complications of sphenoidal sinus inflammation. [link.springer.com]
Histological examination with haematoxylin-eosin (H&E) of the nasal mass was indicative of chronic inflammation. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
S1, panel c), increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate: 44mm and mild hepatic inflammation (GOT: 59.0U/l, GPT: 75.0U/l, total bilirubin: 2.03mg/dl, direct bilirubin: 0.29mg/dl, ALP: 378U/l). [elsevier.es]
Respiratoric
- Sore Throat
Strep throat is much more common than an A haemolyticum infection. If necessary, your pediatrician can do a test to distinguish between a sore throat caused by A haemolyticum and one associated with a streptococcal organism. [sites.sju.edu]
The smooth type of bacteria often causes skin infections, while the rough type is more commonly associated with a sore throat. [webmd.com]
Pathology A. haemolyticum is the cause of pharyngitis (sore throat) in up to 2.5% of cases.[10] In one study, it was the causative agent of pharyngitis in 1.4% of military conscripts.[11] It is rarely found in the skin or throat of healthy people, meaning [wikidoc.org]
Pathology[edit] A. haemolyticum is the cause of pharyngitis (sore throat) in up to 2.5% of cases.[8] In one study, it was the causative agent of pharyngitis in 1.4% of military conscripts.[9] It is rarely found in the skin or throat of healthy people, [en.wikipedia.org]
Musculoskeletal
- Fracture
Journal of Infectious Diseases (1990) 162:780–781 Google Scholar Procek J, Hlava H: Pyogenic Corynebacterium as a pathogen in osteomyelitis following a fracture. [link.springer.com]
Skin
- Skin Ulcer
The organism, moreover, has been isolated from patients with chronic skin ulcers, soft tissue infections, deep tissue abscesses, meningitis, pneumonia, endocarditis and bacteriaemia. Sinusitis is an uncommon presentation of A. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Other mild infections include chronic skin ulcers, cellulitis and otitis media.[3] There are two distinct biotypes of A. haemolyticum: smooth and rough colonies on solid growth medium. Majority of the strains are smooth-type. [jacmjournal.org]
ulcers, abscesses, or cellulitis. [statpearls.com]
Neurologic
- Meningism
Less frequently, it is cause of osteomyelitis, meningitis, pneumonia, abscess, endocarditis and sepsis. Diagnosis is difficult because its double quality: comensal and pathogen. [scielo.isciii.es]
The Journal of infection. 2006 Aug; [PubMed PMID: 16316687] [9] Minárik T,Sufliarsky J,Trupl J,Krcméry V Jr, Arcanobacterium haemolyticum invasive infections, including meningitis in cancer patients. [statpearls.com]
Rarely, it has been implicated in systemic and deep infections, such as endocarditis, bacteraemia, severe sepsis, osteomyelitis, meningitis, brain abscess and pneumonia. [ivami.com]
Medical Journal of Austria (1981) 1:366 Google Scholar Minárik T, Sufliarsky J, Trupl J, Krcmery VJ:Arcanobacterium haemolyticum invasive infections, including meningitis in cancer patients. [link.springer.com]
Invasive infections, including sepsis, brain abscess, meningitis, osteomyelitis, and pneumonia have been reported.3,9,10 Diagnosis Adolescents and young adults complaining of sore throat and found to have a rash should be suspect. [accesspediatrics.mhmedical.com]
Workup
Laboratory
- Leukocytosis
White blood cell count was 13000/μL, with polymorphonuclear leukocytosis. Body temperature was normal. Exanthem was absent. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Blood tests had been performed two days before and revealed leukocytosis: 12 300 white blood cells/mm3 (84.8% neutrophils) (Fig. S1, panels a and b), thrombocytopenia: 63 000 platelets/mm3 (Fig. [elsevier.es]
Treatment
There may be variations in treatment that your pediatrician may recommend based on individual facts and circumstances. [sites.sju.edu]
In this particular case, treatment failure with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid before entrance warned about the possibility of treatment failure with any β-lactam. [elsevier.es]
High doses of penicillin, with or without gentamicin, it is recommended for the treatment of deep infections. Palabras clave : Arcanobacterium haemolyticum; Infections; Review; Microbiology; Diagnosis; Treatment. [scielo.isciii.es]
[…] an adequate clinical response within 10 days of treatment. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Prognosis
Its treatment consists of supportive care and antibiotics, resulting in a good prognosis without any long-term sequelae when recognized and treated promptly. [statpearls.com]
Etiology
The natural history of the disease may be self-limiting or require antibiotic treatment.[3] Etiology Cultures of A. haemolyticum can be detected as a part of normal skin flora and pharynx of healthy individuals. [statpearls.com]
Epidemiology
Medicine, Biology Microbiology Research Journal International 2018 The observed increase in the number of Corynebacterium species isolated from urine samples over the years indicates the important role of these bacteria in the urinary tract infection epidemiology [semanticscholar.org]
Objectives: Describe the epidemiology of Arcanobacterium haemolyticum in various populations. Outline the evaluation of Arcanobacterium haemolyticum. Review the management of patients with Arcanobacterium haemolyticum. [statpearls.com]
EPIDEMIOLOGY Man is the primary environmental reservoir. Although it has been identified as a commensal of the human pharyngeal flora, isolation from the nasopharyngeal microbiota of asymptomatic patients is infrequently reported. [antimicrobe.org]
Prevention
Infection prevention measures were implemented in a bundled approach, involving education, better aseptic wound care conditions and hygienic precautions. [journalofhospitalinfection.com]
Organisms are not typically observed.8 Treatment and Prevention No prospective randomized study has established efficacy of antimicrobial treatment for A haemolyticum infection.1,3 In infected patients without antibiotic therapy, symptoms can last for [accesspediatrics.mhmedical.com]
Patients should be educated on symptoms and methods of prevention such as hand washing, covering mouth when coughing, sharing utensils, social distancing, and etc. when symptomatic. [statpearls.com]
In cases where the site of infection may prevent adequate drug penetration, such as endocarditis and osteomyelitis, macrolides or clindamycin in combination with rifampin might be preferable to beta-lactam antibiotics. [antimicrobe.org]