Presentation
Bocavirus presents with non-specific symptoms such as cough, wheeze, pneumonia, and fever [3]. Also, especially with HBoV2 and HBoV3, it can present with acute gastroenteritis [3]. [cureus.com]
In the present study, the overall detection rate of HBoV in LRTI patients was 8.85% which was similar to other regions of the world. [nature.com]
Case presentation We report the case of a 17-month-old Latvian boy who presented in intensive care unit with acute bilateral bronchiolitis, with a history of rhinorrhea and cough for 6 days and fever for the last 2 days prior to admission, followed by [jmedicalcasereports.biomedcentral.com]
It infects >80% of humans, generally early in life, and is present in most regions of the world. [ictv.global]
UBPV6, the second most prevalent virus, previously known as bovine parvovirus 1, was present in 23.5% of the total cattle in the stody. BAAV, UTPV1, UBPV6 and BPV2 have not been established as pathogenic agents related to respiratory diseases. [equimed.com]
Entire Body System
- Asymptomatic
Actually, a recent study has suggested that asymptomatic viral infection in infants is associated with low viral load19. Indeed, HBoV has been detected in infants and children with and without respiratory symptoms19,20,21,22. [nature.com]
Human bocavirus DNA can be detected in peripheral blood of children with respiratory symptoms and asymptomatic controls; however, a definite trend towards higher levels of DNAemia is observed in symptomatic children, and DNA levels decline with resolution [emedicine.medscape.com]
On the other hand, HBoV1 has also been found in asymptomatic children [11,12,13,14]. [jmedicalcasereports.biomedcentral.com]
- Fever
However, systemic symptoms and immunological manifestations such as fever, lymph node inflammation, body aches, and convulsions accompanying fever. [cureus.com]
On day 17 of hospitalization, he developed a new episode of fever for 2 days. [jmedicalcasereports.biomedcentral.com]
The frequency of fever was significantly lower in patients with high virus load compared with low load (P < 0.01). [nature.com]
- Inflammation
[…] symptomatic children, and DNA levels decline with resolution of symptoms, suggesting that systemic infection is a feature of more acute infection. [11, 12] High-titers are arguably a reflection of enhanced replication of a cell-associated pathogen when inflammation [emedicine.medscape.com]
However, systemic symptoms and immunological manifestations such as fever, lymph node inflammation, body aches, and convulsions accompanying fever. [cureus.com]
Respiratoric
- Cough
Latent infection of human Bocavirus accompanied by flare of chronic cough, fatigue and episodes of viral replication in an immunocompetent adult patient. JMM 2016 Aug; 3(4): e005052. 9. Shmeleva N.P. [journal.niidi.ru]
Respiratory signs such as coughing, difficult breathing and nasal discharge also can occur. The clinical signs of BPV infection may be made worse by concurrent gastro-intestinal tract infections. [equimed.com]
He presented with a history of rhinorrhea and cough for 6 days and fever (axillar temperature 39.0 °C) for the last 2 days prior to admission. [jmedicalcasereports.biomedcentral.com]
Cough was the primary presenting symptom (91.7%) followed by fever (83.4%). Gastrointestinal symptoms were also common (anorexia in 62% and vomiting in 39%). [cureus.com]
- Pneumonia
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common viral cause of pneumonia in young children [1, 2]. [jmedicalcasereports.biomedcentral.com]
A final 200 KL of DNA was eluted and DNA sample was divided into 2 aliquots for HBoV and Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) gene amplification via PCR. [nature.com]
Severe pneumonia and human bocavirus in adult. [cureus.com]
Human bocavirus: a novel parvovirus epidemiologically associated with pneumonia requiring hospitalization in Thailand. J Infect Dis. 2007 Apr 1. 195(7):1038-45. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. Martin ET, Fairchok MP, Kuypers J, et al. [emedicine.medscape.com]
- Rhinorrhea
He presented with a history of rhinorrhea and cough for 6 days and fever (axillar temperature 39.0 °C) for the last 2 days prior to admission. [jmedicalcasereports.biomedcentral.com]
Rhinorrhea, asthma exacerbation, and bronchiolitis were detected in some young patients in conjunction with a progressive bocavirus infection [7]. [cureus.com]
Gastrointestinal
- Diarrhea
BPV most commonly causes diarrhea in very young calves and causes respiratory and reproductive disease in adult cattle. This virus is found in cattle worldwide. [equimed.com]
Diseases associated with this genus include, in humans, acute respiratory illness, and in cattle, diarrhea and mild respiratory symptoms. [dbpedia.org]
Symptoms are seen most commonly between the ages of one to three weeks[4] and include severe diarrhea, difficulty breathing, and anorexia. In severe cases, illness can be fatal. [mmolecular.com]
An intestinal sample from an alpaca (Vicugna pacos) herd with reoccurring diarrhea and respiratory disease was submitted for next-generation sequencing, revealing the presence of a BoV strain. [agris.fao.org]
Moreover, our study indicated that bocavirus could present with gastrointestinal symptoms such as vomiting and diarrhea, which have also been reported in previous studies [9,24,29]. [cureus.com]
- Vomiting
Gastrointestinal symptoms were also common (anorexia in 62% and vomiting in 39%). [cureus.com]
- Blood in Stool
Bacterial blood cultures were negative. NPA, blood, and stool samples were collected for HBoV1 molecular diagnostics and serology. [jmedicalcasereports.biomedcentral.com]
Treatment
Viruses of this species are capable to infect a wide range of human cancer cells, have the expressed carcinolytic properties and are perspective for treatment of person with a cancer. [iimmun.ru]
Treatment Supportive care for calves with diarrhea (fluids to prevent dehydration) and possible antibiotics to prevent or treat secondary bacterial infection can be useful. [equimed.com]
The main predictors of extended LOS in our study were comorbidity and the requirement of oxygen treatment. [cureus.com]
Etiology
A high HBoV virus load could be an etiologic agent for LRTI, which may lead to more severe lower respiratory tract symptom and severe disease. [nature.com]
Human bocaviruses: Possible etiologic role in respiratory infection. J Clin Virol. 2015;72:75–81. Article CAS Google Scholar Xu M, Arku B, Jartti T, Koskinen J, Peltola V, Hedman K, Söderlund-Venermo M. [jmedicalcasereports.biomedcentral.com]
Epidemiology
Epidemiological profile and clinical associations of human bocavirus and other human parvoriruses. J Infect Dis. 2006;194:1283–1290. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 25. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Epidemiology of multiple respiratory viruses in childcare attendees. J Infect Dis 207, 982–989 (2013). Article Google Scholar Byington, C. L. et al. [nature.com]
Data on molecular and biological and virological characteristics of viruses, epidemiological and clinical features of the infections caused by these viruses are submitted. [iimmun.ru]
Epidemiological studies indicate that many are widespread in their respective host populations, but are rarely pathogenic. [ictv.global]
Epidemiology Frequency United States The limited data collected in the United States have placed the prevalence of detectable human bocavirus in tested specimens at around 5%. [emedicine.medscape.com]
Pathophysiology
One recent report of a culture system using differentiated human epithelial cells has permitted more detailed research of its replication. [9] A real-time multiplex PCR has been developed. [10] Pathophysiology The pathophysiology remains largely unknown [emedicine.medscape.com]
Prevention
Treatment Supportive care for calves with diarrhea (fluids to prevent dehydration) and possible antibiotics to prevent or treat secondary bacterial infection can be useful. [equimed.com]