Presentation
Therefore, no data about further BV therapy can be presented. Discussion In this case report, we presented the case of a middle-aged woman suffering from chronic headache and with a history of mental disorders who ‘treated’ herself with bee stings. [cureus.com]
In the present choice viewing paradigm, we presented picture pairs for 3 s each, consisting of an emotional picture paired with a neutral picture. [frontiersin.org]
The present study had some limitations which should to be considered when interpreting the results. [scielo.br]
An interdisciplinary approach combining (1) rehabilitation; (2) integrative medicine/active mind-body techniques; (3) psychology; and (4) normalizing daily school attendance, sports, social life and sleep will be presented. [mdpi.com]
Pain in one or more anatomical sites is the predominant focus of the clinical presentation and is of sufficient severity to warrant clinical attention. B. [behavenet.com]
Entire Body System
- Pain
One form of chronic pain is 'Pain Disorder' which is thought to be established purely by psychological means. What Is Pain Disorder? Pain Disorder is a form of chronic pain that is thought to be driven by psychological distress. [huffingtonpost.com.au]
In some cases (eg, chronic back pain after injury), the original precipitant of pain is obvious; in others (eg, chronic headache, atypical facial pain, chronic abdominal pain ), the precipitant is remote or occult. [merckmanuals.com]
"no pain" and 10 indicating "worst pain imaginable") 7. [scielo.br]
Chronic pain and depression often go hand in hand. The prevalence of pain symptoms in patients with depression ranges from 15% to 100% while the prevalence for concurrent major depression in patients identified as having pain ranged from 5% to 85%. [practicalpainmanagement.com]
Common symptoms of an underlying pain vulnerability present in the three most common chronic pain disorders in pediatrics: primary headaches, centrally mediated abdominal pain syndromes, and/or chronic/recurrent musculoskeletal and joint pain. [mdpi.com]
- Severe Pain
Severe pain : Severe pain is defined as pain that interferes with some or all of the activities of daily living. The person may be confined to bed or chair rest because of the severity of the pain. [emedicinehealth.com]
Research has shown that women generally experience more recurrent pain, more severe pain and longer lasting pain than men. Many people are unaware that certain pain conditions are more prevalent in women than in men. [iasp-pain.org]
CAPS is characterized by continuous or frequent abdominal pain that is often severe. It has little or no relationship to events such as eating, defecation, or menses. [iffgd.org]
There are several ways chronic pain associated with these conditions can interfere with your everyday life. It can affect your ability to function at home and work. [mhanational.org]
Fibromyalgia is a chronic medical condition that causes widespread muscle pain and fatigue. Learn more. Migraine is severe pain felt on one or both sides of the head, normally occurring around the temples or behind one eye or ear. Learn more. [adaa.org]
- Weight Loss
The other criteria are (3) significant weight loss or gain, (4) insomnia or hypersomnia, (5) psychomotor agitation or retardation, (6) fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day, (7) feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt, (8) diminished [journals.plos.org]
(or anhedonia) Changes in behavior, such as significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other area of functioning Changes in physical well-being, such as insomnia or hypersomnia, weight loss or gain, psychomotor agitation or retardation [practicalpainmanagement.com]
Chronic pain often leads to vegetative signs (eg, lassitude, sleep disturbance, decreased appetite, loss of taste for food, weight loss, diminished libido, constipation), which develop gradually. [merckmanuals.com]
- Hypersomnia
[…] worthlessness or guilt and depressed mood or loss of interest and pleasure (or anhedonia) Changes in behavior, such as significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other area of functioning Changes in physical well-being, such as insomnia or hypersomnia [practicalpainmanagement.com]
The other criteria are (3) significant weight loss or gain, (4) insomnia or hypersomnia, (5) psychomotor agitation or retardation, (6) fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day, (7) feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt, (8) diminished [journals.plos.org]
- Sepsis
Long-term outcome and quality of life of patients treated in surgical intensive care: a comparison between sepsis and trauma. Crit Care. 2006;10:R134. 7. Timmers TK, Verhofstad MH, Moons KH, et al. [uspharmacist.com]
Musculoskeletal
- Back Pain
(such as back/neck pain and headaches). [sciencedaily.com]
The cause of low back pain is most often unknown ( 3 ) and Deyo has claimed that 85 % of the patients lack organic correlates for their back pain ( 4 ). [tidsskriftet.no]
Here are some of the most common causes affecting American adults today: Chronic Back Pain According to research from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, no less than 84 percent of adults in the U.S. will experience chronic back pain at some [verywellhealth.com]
The evolution of chronic back pain problems: A longitudinal study. Behav Res Ther 1991;29:435-441. PubMed Abstract 6. Katz RT, Tait RC. Disability evaluation and unexplained pain. In: Rondinelli RD, Katz RT (eds). [bcmj.org]
[…] increase the total number of reported cases. 7 Ways to Treat Chronic Back Pain Without Surgery Back pain is considered chronic if it lasts three months or longer. [hopkinsmedicine.org]
- Low Back Pain
Whereas the prevalence of pain only in the low back is relatively low, chronic low back pain concomitant with other musculoskeletal pain occurs as frequently as fibromyalgia, i.e. circa 6 - 7 % ( 5, 8, 9 ). [tidsskriftet.no]
In this study, anxiety disorders occurred in 9.5% of subjects with low back pain versus 6.2% of those without pain (p=0.007), and depression was observed in 13.7% of those with low back pain versus 8.5 % of patients without pain (p=0.002). [scielo.br]
The effect of compensation involvement on the reporting of pain and disability by patients referred for rehabilitation of chronic low back pain. Spine 1997;22:2016-2024. PubMed Abstract 17. Hayes BJ, Solyom CAE, Wing PC, et al. [bcmj.org]
The group has been instrumental in establishing that the systemic conditions and regional pain syndromes such as fibromyalgia, interstitial cystitis, osteoarthritis, low back pain, and post-deployment syndromes all have common pathogenic and clinical [medicine.umich.edu]
Symptoms of chronic pain syndrome Symptoms vary from person to person, but may include any or a combination of: Low back pain Headaches Joint pain Muscle aches Burning or tingling pain in different parts of the body Jolts of sharp pain Treating chronic [columbianeurology.org]
- Neck Pain
PBA occurs in approximately 10 percent of people with MS. [13] Back/Neck Pain: The back/neck pain most are familiar with is a mild ache that can occur from muscle strain, sleeping in an uncomfortable position, dealing with heavy objects, trauma and/or [mhanational.org]
Elbinoune et al. 24 found that depression and anxiety were prevalent in individuals with chronic neck pain, and that these disorders were related to pain intensity. [scielo.br]
[…] for common pain problems and injuries PS When to Worry About Neck Pain … and when not to! [painscience.com]
Demyttenaere, K, Bruffaerts, R, Lee, S Mental disorders among persons with chronic back or neck pain: Results from the World Mental Health Surveys. Pain. 2007 ;129(3): 332 – 342. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI 21. [journals.sagepub.com]
- Leg Pain
Common symptoms include pain (but also pruritus) and loss of sensation, usually in the face, arms and/or legs. Pain is often constant (but can be intermittent) and can be mild, moderate, or severe in intensity. [rarediseases.org]
“I’ve treated so many people who, because they thought they’re weak with back pain or leg pain, they’ve started to use a walking stick. And then they started getting pain in their shoulder and neck,” Williams says. [vox.com]
Psychiatrical
- Distractibility
Various cognitive-behavioral techniques of pain control (eg, relaxation training, distraction techniques, hypnosis, biofeedback) may be useful. [merckmanuals.com]
Distract Yourself From Pain We sometimes think of distraction as a bad thing. Doesn't distraction keep us from getting our work done? But in the case of chronic pain, distraction can be a type of treatment. [onhealth.com]
Consistent sleep and wake times, a good sleep environment (comfortable room temperature, no TV or other distractions), and avoiding caffeine late in the day and at night can help promote restful sleep. Nutrition. [adaa.org]
It can be hard to learn and retain new information when you are distracted by pain. Chronic pain may also make you impatient and irritable, making it difficult to get along with supervisors and coworkers. [disabilitysecrets.com]
Rest and distraction may lessen symptoms. Central pain syndrome can vary greatly from one individual to another, in part, based upon the underlying cause of the condition. [rarediseases.org]
- Euphoria
Narcotics, also known as opiates, are a class of drug that affects the brain and helps reduce pain, while also producing euphoria. Oxycodone and morphine are both narcotics, as is heroin. [theatlantic.com]
Neurologic
- Insomnia
Insomnia is a very prevalent complaint in the general population, with the prevalence of chronic insomnia as high as 9% and that of occasional insomnia 30%. [elsevier.es]
Symptoms such as insomnia, fatigue, and change in activity can be related to both pain and depression. [journals.plos.org]
[…] affected limb may grow unusually slowly or quickly and your nails may become brittle or grooved joint stiffness and swelling in the affected limb (oedema) tremors and muscle spasms (dystonia) difficulty moving the affected body part difficulty sleeping (insomnia [nhs.uk]
Prevalence of self-reported insomnia in general population of Poland. Psychiatr Pol. 2016;50:165-73. [ Links ] 34. Moreno CR, Lowden A, Vasconcelos S, Marqueze EC. [scielo.org.co]
Pain is frequently associated with insomnia and these coexisting problems can be difficult to treat. One problem can exacerbate the other. What can people do at home? Practicing good sleep hygiene is key to achieving a good night's sleep. [sleepfoundation.org]
- Trigeminal Neuralgia
She began having pains in her face, and having years of searching for the cause she was finally diagnosed with trigeminal neuralgia, a chronic condition that affects the nerves of the face, causing typical activities such as walking through the freezer [tripll.org]
Carpal tunnel syndrome, commonly associated with repetitive motion Postherpetic neuralgia, a type of chronic pain which persists after a shingles outbreak Trigeminal neuralgia, caused by injury to the trigeminal nerve of the face Thanks for your feedback [verywellhealth.com]
These pains seem to arise from blood vessels, muscles, and joint capsules rather than conforming to the distribution of sensory nerve branches, as in trigeminal neuralgia. [jnnp.bmj.com]
Some of the more common syndromes are diabetic neuropathy, shingles and post herpetic neuralgia, painful scars (neuromas), phantom limb pain, trigeminal neuralgia (tic doloreaux) and pain associated with multiple sclerosis. [asra.com]
Headaches can also result from sinusitis, trigeminal neuralgia, giant cell arteritis, or brain tumors. The treatment of the various kinds of headaches varies depending on the kind of headache and the severity of the pain. [emedicinehealth.com]
- Excitement
Excitement, while Self-Directedness was the best positive predictor of Sexual Satisfaction. [pbsciences.org]
It is the result of excessive excitability of nociceptive spinal cord neurons that increase trans-mission of nonpainful stimuli or generate spontaneous signals even in the absence of a stimulus. [uspharmacist.com]
More exactly, peripheral sensitization is caused by nerve endings firing much more easily than normal (lower transduction threshold, higher membrane excitability). [painscience.com]
There have been many exciting developments in research studies of the pathophysiology and treatment of FM and related syndromes that have the potential to improve the recognition and management of patients with FM and other conditions with FM-like pain [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Astrocytes have been observed to lose their ability to regulate the excitability of neurons, increasing spontaneous neural activity in pain circuits. [27] Management [ edit ] Pain management is the branch of medicine employing an interdisciplinary approach [en.wikipedia.org]
- Seizure
[…] stimulation ( TENS ) Occupational therapy Counseling, one-on-one or group therapy Braces Relaxation techniques such as deep breathing or meditation Biofeedback Spinal cord stimulation Nerve blocks Pain medicines such as NSAIDs, antidepressants, anti- seizure [webmd.com]
Lamotrigine is an anti-seizure drug (anticonvulsant). Antiarrhythmics (mexiletine) and local anesthetics such as lidocaine can be effective. [rarediseases.org]
Anticonvulsants (medicines that treat seizures ) can be used for this kind of nerve pain. Some nerve pain is due to loss of a limb. The arm or leg that has been amputated feels like it's still present, and hurts severely. [emedicinehealth.com]
- Polyneuropathy
B12) Spinal stenosis Thoracic outlet syndrome (blood vessel/nerve compression) Thyroid disease Polyneuropathies (damage affecting peripheral nerves) Polyradiculopathies (damage to serval nerve roots) Psychological causes Anxiety, Depression, Personality [chronicpain.ie]
15.9) inpatient was referred to the ward of the pain unit of our university clinic with a long history of different pain syndromes (average pain intensity score on ´Numeric Rating Scale´: 8/10; 0 = "no pain", 10 = "worst pain imaginable"), including "polyneuropathy [cureus.com]
Arachnoiditis Metabolic deficiency myalgias Polymyositis Neoplasia of spinal cord or sacral nerve Cutaneous nerve entrapment in surgical scar Postherpetic neuralgia (shingles) [15, 16] Neuralgia (eg, iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal, or genitofemoral nerves) Polyneuropathies [emedicine.medscape.com]
Workup
Imaging studies, including with radiography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and computed tomography (CT) scanning, are important tools in the workup of patients with CPS. [emedicine.medscape.com]
Clinical Testing and Workup Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the technique of choice to visualize tumors, infarcts, cerebral hemorrhage, demyelinating plaques and other causal lesions. [rarediseases.org]
Treatment
23,24 Thus, a pain treatment model that incorporates the assessment and treatment of depression seems necessary for optimal outcomes. [practicalpainmanagement.com]
Psychologic and behavioral treatments are usually helpful. [merckmanuals.com]
Median time from injury to treatment was 720 days. At 3 months post-treatment, 136 (14%) of the participants were working. [academic.oup.com]
The average duration of inpatient treatment was approximately 1 to 5 weeks. [mdedge.com]
However, these treatment options are much used for fibromyalgia in Norway. No studies are so far available on myofascial pain treatment in fibromyalgia ( 18 ). [tidsskriftet.no]
Prognosis
Prognosis The prognosis for chronic pain syndromes is extremely variable. Treatment Treatment for chronic pain syndrome can involve several different approaches. It is not always possible to get rid of chronic pain completely. [healthengine.com.au]
That is, pain is no longer indicative of another prognosis — it is the prognosis, and a disabling one at that. Specifically, under the strain of prolonged pain, nerves not only become super-sensitized to pain signals, but begin amplifying them. [health.harvard.edu]
[…] of comorbid depression and pain is poor compared with the prognosis for individuals with depression without pain. 18 In fact, a recent population-based study found that persons with concomitant depression and pain initiated more visits to medical providers [practicalpainmanagement.com]
Treatment [ edit ] The prognosis is worse when there are more areas of pain reported. [8] Treatment may include psychotherapy (with cognitive-behavioral therapy or operant conditioning ), medication (often with antidepressants but also with pain medications [en.wikipedia.org]
Managing medical comorbidities in patients with depression to improve prognosis. J Clin Psychiatry, 77 (2016), pp. 22-27 [9] J.D. Coplan, C.J. Aaronson, V. Panthangi, Y. Kim. [elsevier.es]
Etiology
Determining the etiology of a specific symptom is difficult or impossible [ 5 – 9 ]. [journals.plos.org]
What differs among them is their duration, timing, or presumed etiology. 1 The primary difference between the DSM-5 and prior iterations is the abolishment of a bereavement exclusion applied to depressive symptoms lasting less than 2 months following [practicalpainmanagement.com]
Etiology The pathophysiology of chronic pain syndrome (CPS) is multifactorial and complex and still is poorly understood. [emedicine.medscape.com]
Characteristics include chronic diffuse pain of unknown etiology attributable to either undetected organic condition or psychogenic sources the presence of "tender points" in predictable, and usually symmetrical, locations fatigue and sleep disorders. [wsib.ca]
[…] carry any necessary implication regarding the individual’s degree of control over the behaviors that may be associated with the disorder.” [9] It is also noted that inclusion of a disorder in the manual does not require that there be knowledge about its etiology [bcmj.org]
Epidemiology
SHOWING 1-10 OF 34 REFERENCES The epidemiology of chronic pain in a Swedish rural area, Qual [semanticscholar.org]
[…] of Chronic Pain" – Chapter 5, Epidemiology of Pain (1999) Fact Sheets [iasp-pain.org]
As noted, several steps would be involved: The first step is to identify and consolidate existing quality data that provide reliable insight into FM epidemiology and to determine where epidemiologic gaps currently exist. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Chronic pain epidemiology and its clinical relevance. Br J Anaesth. 2013 ;111(1): 13 – 18. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI 19. [journals.sagepub.com]
Epidemiological considerations Although the prevalence of joint related and muscle related symptoms has been studied, the epidemiology of chronic facial pain remains unclear. [jnnp.bmj.com]
Pathophysiology
Free Reviews of Educational Material | May 2010 Functional Pain Syndromes: Presentation and Pathophysiology. Author Notes The University of Michigan Health Systems, Ann Arbor, Michigan. [anesthesiology.pubs.asahq.org]
Methods Narrative review of the pathophysiological and clinical aspects of depression and chronic pain comorbidity. [elsevier.es]
Pathophysiology – Understanding Why People Get CAPS To understand the basis for chronic abdominal pain syndrome it is helpful to understand how the body experiences pain. [iffgd.org]
There has been a surge of interest in using brain neuroimaging to study pain in a more quantitative, objective manner and to better understand the potential pathophysiology of FM. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Pains described as central pain in such conditions as Parkinson’s disease are not truly central pain and have a different pathophysiology and treatment: these are termed central-pain allied conditions. [rarediseases.org]
Prevention
This could lead to early avoidance of the negative long-term consequences of mental disorders and the prevention of chronic pain. Story Source: Materials provided by Universität Basel. Note: Content may be edited for style and length. [sciencedaily.com]
Evidence-based Chronic Pain Overviews Prevention Preventing chronic pain may be possible – depending on its cause. Many people are surprised to learn that, not all, but many cases of chronic pain can in fact be prevented. [wwdpi.org]
Some possible strategies to manage acute pain and prevent development of chronic post-ICU pain may include protocolized acute pain management, opioid-sparing adjunct analgesics, prevention of post-ICU depression and PTSD, and early mobilization. [uspharmacist.com]
Early, aggressive treatment of acute pain is always preferable and may limit or prevent sensitization and remodeling and hence prevent progression to chronic pain. Drugs or physical methods may be used. [merckmanuals.com]
Options include: Physical therapy : This can help patients improve blood flow, regain their range of movement and coordination and help prevent muscle wastage and contortion of bones. [medicalnewstoday.com]