Presentation
Hence, this case is being reported for its rare presentation. CASE REPORT A 22-year-old married male presented with asymptomatic superficial lesions present over the glans and under surface of prepuce since 1-year. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
The Fourth Edition of this best-selling book is packed full of information to help the reader move from a presenting problem to an accurate diagnosis. [books.google.com]
[…] arthritis; - urethritis is usually mild and painless with frequent nonpurulent urethral discharge; - severity of inciting infection does not correlate w/ intensity of arthritis which tends to appears one or two weeks later; - viable organisms are not present [wheelessonline.com]
Females may also present with an inflammation of the cervix or pain during intercourse. [about-reactive-arthritis.com]
Patient can have enthesitis presenting as heel pain, Achilles tendinitis or plantar fasciitis, along with balanitis circinata (circinate balanitis), which involves penile lesions present in roughly 20 to 40 percent of the men with the disease. [weishendopublications.com]
Skin
- Hyperkeratosis
Figure: 1 Reactive arthritis Figure: 2 Reactive arthritis - uveitis Figure: 3 Reactive arthritis - palmoplantar pustulosis Figure: 4 Reactive arthritis - psoriasiform hyperkeratosis Management There is no definitive treatment Management during the acute [pcds.org.uk]
Hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis (pink keratin debris on top of the skin contains pyknotic nuclei). advertisement advertisement [auanet.org]
In patients with significant hyperkeratosis, emollients and topical keratolytics such as salicylic acid (6% as a lotion or cream), or systemic retinoids such as acitretin (25-50mg/d), may help. [dermatologyadvisor.com]
Nail changes included onycholysis, onychomadesis, yellowish discolouration, subungual hyperkeratosis., thinning, horizontal groves, friability and paronychia. Other systemic examination were within normal limits. [ijdvl.com]
Biopsy of his skin lesions (Figure 5 ) revealed hyperkeratosis forming a thin horny layer and psoriasiform hyperplasia, and papillary dermis showed chronic inflammatory cell infiltrates and superficial dermal edema. Figure 2 X-ray of hands. [jmedicalcasereports.biomedcentral.com]
Neurologic
- Confusion
(Not to be confused with "Can't pee, Can't see, and Can't hear a buzzing bee" associated with Alport syndrome ) The classic triad consists of: Conjunctivitis Nongonococcal urethritis Asymmetric oligoarthritis Symptoms generally appear within 1–3 weeks [weishendopublications.com]
licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2012 Received: 16 August 2011 Accepted: 14 February 2012 Published: 14 February 2012 Abstract Introduction Concurrent rheumatoid factor seropositivity is occasionally detected in ankylosing spondylitis and often causes confusion [jmedicalcasereports.biomedcentral.com]
[…] skin, cataracts, progeria (premature senility), hypogonadism and diabetes mellitus Wernicke's syndrome; Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome; Wernicke's encephalopathy brainstem ischaemia causing nystagmus and other ocular effects, tremors and ataxia, mental confusion [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]
The condition is readily confused with psoriatic arthropathy and, as the only treatment is said to be withdrawal of methotrexate, it is important that it should be recognized. [46] Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome More Details Lingua plicata (fissured or [e-ijd.org]
Acute rheumatic fever: The rare cases of reactive arthritis and carditis following Yersinia infection may be confused with acute rheumatic fever; however, the clinical picture of arthritis following streptococcal pharyngitis in patients with ARF is quite [dermatologyadvisor.com]
Workup
[…] infectious process, especially in monoarticular arthritis with constitutional symptoms) Antistreptolysin O (ASO) or anti-DNase B testing (if poststreptococcal infection is suspected) Electrocardiography (ECG; in patients with a prolonged course of ReA) See Workup [emedicine.medscape.com]
Serum
- Thrombocytosis
Table Investigations for suspected sexually acquired reactive arthritis Investigation Results consistent with reactive arthritis ESR, plasma viscosity, CRP Elevated Full blood count Anaemia, leucocytosis, thrombocytosis Liver function tests Elevated transaminases [sexualhealthmedicine.com]
crystal-induced arthritis (gout, pseudogout), rheumatic fever, gonorrhea Blood tests: no rheumatoid factors (RF), no ANA 39% anemia - normochromic, normocytic, due to chronic inflammation 34% leukocytosis - WBC 10-15,000/mm3 during acute phase 27% thrombocytosis [enotes.tripod.com]
There were some significant abnormal findings in his laboratory data, such as leukocytosis, thrombocytosis, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (110) and C-reactive protein [ 24 McGraw RW, Rusch RM. Atlanto-axial arthrodesis. [benthamopen.com]
Colonoscopy
- Colitis
[…] additionally lead to – • Cervicitis • Vulvovaginitis • Salpingitis Eye involvement causes - • Irritation in the eye • Photophobia or pain when looking into bright lights Mouth ulceration may be present but these are usually painless Bowel involvement or colitis [medindia.net]
Family study in which psoriasis, ulcerative colitis, and ankylosing spondylitis showed a "clustering" phenomenon. Patients DB an... FIG. 65.9. [5minuteconsult.com]
Reiter's syndrome shares many features with several other arthritic conditions, such as psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and arthritis associated with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. [prostatitis.org]
[…] conduction defects Aortic regurgitation, conduction defects Aortic regurgitation, conduction defects Aortic regurgitation Pulmonary features Upper lobe fibrosis None None None Gastrointestinal conditions None Diarrhea None Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis [aafp.org]
[…] second-degree relatives: ankylosing spondylitis ; psoriasis ; acute uveitis ; reactive arthritis ; inflammatory bowel disease psoriasis diagnosed by physician in past or present inflammatory bowel disease - past or present Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis [enotes.tripod.com]
Treatment
Circinate lesions present over glans before treatment Lesions present on under surface of prepuce before treatment Laboratory investigations showed mildly raised total leukocyte count 11,700/mm3 (normal 4000–11000). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
[…] of HIV in Industrialized and Middle Income CountriesŠAdults Adolescents and Pediatric 1310 Chapter 115 Guidelines for the Treatment of HIV and AIDS in ResourceLimited Countries 1328 Chapter 116 Guidelines for Prevention of Perinatal HIV Infection 1345 [books.google.com]
Ayurvedic Treatment for Reactive Arthritis In Ayurveda, Reactive arthritis is considered a form of AMAVATA only and treatment of Reactive arthritis is the same as for treatment of AMAVATA. [avnarogya.in]
Therefore, an emphasis is placed on disease awareness since viable treatment options are emerging. [4] Treatment [ edit ] The same person as above shows no signs of balanitis circinata during a treatment with pimecrolimus. [en.wikipedia.org]
Prognosis
However the satisfactory response to disease modifying drugs in the background of seropositivity has an effect on overall prognosis. [jmedicalcasereports.biomedcentral.com]
Long-term progression, prognosis, and treatment of patients with recurrent ocular manifestations of Reiter’s syndrome. [foodpoisonjournal.com]
Prognosis - Reiter's Syndrome Although Reiter’s syndrome varies in from one patient to another, it can be cured with proper therapy, if it is detected early enough. In severe cases may result in poor vision, joint damage and disability. [checkorphan.org]
Prognosis This depends on the underlying cause and the presence of any predisposing risk factors. [unityskinclinic.com]
Etiology
Balanitis can result from a range of etiologies. [aocd.org]
Diagnosis In doubt of the etiology or resistance to standard care, a microbiological culture and/or biopsy should be obtained. [urology-textbook.com]
View/Print Table TABLE 3 Etiologic Organisms in Reactive Arthritis Chlamydia trachomatis Salmonella enteritidis Salmonella typhimurium Shigella flexneri Shigella dysenteriae Campylobacter jejuni Yersinia enterocolitica Clostridia difficile TABLE 3 Etiologic [aafp.org]
We have classified them based on the etiologies responsible for them [Table 1]. [e-ijd.org]
[…] genital urinary gastrointestinal conjunctivitis systemic rheumatic ankylosing spondylitis ulcerative colitis HLA-B27 genetic Jump to headings or topics on this page: | Briefing | Clinical Features | Laboratory and Radiographic Findings | Diagnosis | Etiology [prostatitis.org]
Epidemiology
Prospective epidemiologic data suggest that chlamydia-induced reactive arthritis is underdiagnosed. [en.wikipedia.org]
Epidemiology Balanitis is more common in men than in boys. It is present in approximately 11% of attendees at genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinics. Balanitis affected 5.9% of uncircumcised boys in one study and 14% in another. Risk factors. [unityskinclinic.com]
Epidemiology The prevalence of the HLA-B27 allele in patients is 63 to 96% vs 6 to 15% in healthy white controls, thus supporting a genetic predisposition. [merckmanuals.com]
This paper is a good source for epidemiologic data for the disorder.) Calabrese, LH, Kirchner, E, Shrestha, R. [dermatologyadvisor.com]
Epidemiology of Reiter's syndrome in Rochester, Minnesota: 1950-1980. Arthritis Rheum 1988; 31:428-31. 17. Clark M, Kinsolving M, Chernhoff D. The prevalence of arthritis in two HIV-infected cohorts. Arthritis Rheum 1989; 32:S85. 18. [the-medical-dictionary.com]
Pathophysiology
Rheumatology Pathophysiology of Disease Course Lecture, Second Year Medical School 2005 Page 43 ......Index Go to Previous page ..... [cdaarthritis.com]
In recent years, a great deal has been learnt about the epidemiology, pathophysiology and treatment of reactive arthritis and chlamydia-induced reactive arthritis, specifically. [en.wikipedia.org]
Septic arthritis Gonococcal arthritis Gout/pseudogout Rheumatic fever Lyme disease Hepatitis B or C HIV Chronic arthritis Psoriatic arthritis Inflammatory bowel disease-related arthritis Ankylosing spondylitis Behcet’s syndrome Rheumatoid arthritis Pathophysiology [sexualhealthmedicine.com]
Pathophysiology While the exact pathophysiologic mechanism has not been elucidated, it has been shown that an aberrant, exaggerated cell-mediated and humoral immune response to particular antigens leads to inflammation at target organs in genetically [dermatologyadvisor.com]
Preetika Lakhera BHMS For well formatted and illustrated article, please see attached file- Balanitis and Homoeopathy.pdf Contents Definition. 2 Etymology. 2 Anatomy. 2 Glans. 2 Corpus cavernosum.. 3 Corpus spongiosum.. 3 Urethra. 3 Predisposing factors. 3 Pathophysiology [homeopathyworldcommunity.ning.com]
Prevention
[…] of HIV HIV Transmission and Prevention in Specific Populations Systematic Review of HIV Behavioral Prevention Research in African Americans Lynae A. [hivinsite.ucsf.edu]
Rapidly find the answers you need with separate sections on diseases and disorders, differential diagnosis, clinical algorithms, laboratory results, and clinical preventive services, plus an at-a-glance format that uses cross-references, outlines, bullets [books.google.com]
Can balanitis be prevented? The risk of balanitis can be reduced with proper hygiene, but not all balanitis can be prevented depending on the underlying cause. [rxlist.com]