Presentation
In addition, at least one of the first two symptoms listed below must be present; at least five or more of all the symptoms listed must be present. [verywellmind.com]
Mixed episodes tend to be severe when they occur; psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions, and suicidal thinking are frequently present. [mentalhelp.net]
[…] and then adults, symptom presentation becomes more consistent with the DSM-5 criteria ( Table 1 ). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
[…] symptoms must be present for at least 2 weeks and represent a change from the patient's normal behavior. [1] Depressed mood and loss of interest (anhedonia) [ edit ] Either depressed mood or a loss of interest or pleasure must be present for the diagnosis [en.wikipedia.org]
Suicidal thoughts and acts are common and a number of "somatic" symptoms are usually present. [mkb-dijagnoza.blogspot.com]
Entire Body System
- Fatigue
Fatigue. Fatigue and loss of energy that is more than normal and can’t be explained simply by lack of sleep or low quality sleep. Excessive guilt. Feelings of deep guilt and shame, a feeling of being worthless. Impaired thinking. [bridgestorecovery.com]
Sleeping too little can accentuate depression symptoms like irritability and mental fatigue. Stay connected. Loneliness can worsen depression. Try to get out with friends, or connect with them by phone or computer. Eat well. [healthline.com]
Also present is some combination of altered appetite, weight, or sleep patterns, psychomotor agitation or retardation, difficulty thinking or concentrating, lack of energy and fatigue, feelings of worthlessness, self-reproach, or inappropriate guilt, [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]
Constant complaints of fatigue and low energy Thoughts of the affected person's worthlessness, guilt or shame plague him or her Concentration becomes more difficult to achieve than before Thoughts of the desirability of death and suicide People experiencing [mentalhelp.net]
Share on Pinterest Symptoms of a depressive episode may include anxiety, frustration, feeling hopeless, fatigue, and a loss of interest in things once enjoyed. [medicalnewstoday.com]
- Inflammation
Chronic inflammation seen in some cases of eczema, and a growing appreciation for the impotence of inflammation in depression, provides another possible explanation for subgroup heterogeneity. [biorxiv.org]
Cardiovascular
- Heart Disease
Biologically, we think about genetics or a family history of depression, health conditions such as diabetes, heart disease or thyroid disorders, and even hormonal changes that happen over the lifespan, such as pregnancy and menopause. [mayoclinic.org]
It is particularly common among those who have illnesses such as the following: Cancer Coronary heart disease Diabetes Epilepsy Multiple sclerosis Stroke Alzheimer’s disease HIV/AIDS Parkinson’s disease Systemic lupus erythematosus Rheumatoid arthritis [psycom.net]
Depression and heart disease. Cleve Clin J Med. 2007 Feb. 74 Suppl 1:S63-6. [Medline]. Millard PH. Depression in old age. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1983 Aug 6. 287(6389):375-6. [Medline]. [Full Text]. Alexopoulos GS, Chester JG. [medscape.com]
disease or diabetes Find out more about depression triggers here. [medicalnewstoday.com]
Psychiatrical
- Suggestibility
Multiple studies have suggested the presence of aetiology subgroups within MDD and Buhmbox provides a quantifiable measure of their existence. [biorxiv.org]
Results of a 2019 study suggest that a diet that includes many of these types of food can affect the mental health of young adults. [medicalnewstoday.com]
Epidemiological research suggests that depression constitutes the leading cause of disability worldwide ( 1 ). [frontiersin.org]
These findings suggest there were no effects of antidepressant treatment on NAA/Cr that could be observed by 1H-MRS in either the frontal or limbic region. [dovepress.com]
- Distractibility
[…] also bipolar disorders and mood disorders. manic episode a period of predominantly elevated, expansive, or irritable mood accompanied by some of the following symptoms: inflated self-esteem, decreased need for sleep, talkativeness, flight of ideas, distractibility [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]
[…] and take longer than usual Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt nearly every day (e.g., ruminating over minor past failings) Diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day (e.g., appears easily distracted [psychcentral.com]
Attention cannot be sustained, and there is often marked distractibility. Self-esteem is often inflated with grandiose ideas and overconfidence. [mkb-dijagnoza.blogspot.com]
[…] functioning for those involved in intellectually demanding activities, such as school and work, especially in difficult fields. [10] Depressed people often describe a slowing of thought, inability to concentrate and make decisions, and being easily distracted [en.wikipedia.org]
- Social Isolation
Other Factors to Consider Depression can be exacerbated when it is co-existing with conditions like an anxiety disorder, substance abuse, physical problems like obesity, chronic pain, sexual problems, or social isolation. [depression.org]
[…] difficulties, and work or school problems Social isolation Suicidal feelings, suicide attempts or suicide Self-mutilation, such as cutting Premature death from medical conditions Prevention There's no sure way to prevent depression. [mayoclinic.org]
If you have these behaviors, you may feel isolated because of them. This can lead to withdrawal from friends and social situations, which can increase your risk for depression. It’s not uncommon for someone with OCD to also have depression. [healthline.com]
- Euphoria
With manic depression, you don’t just feel “down in the dumps;” your depressive state may lead to suicidal thoughts that change over to feelings of euphoria and endless energy. [psycom.net]
Neurologic
- Hyperactivity
[…] disorders and mood disorders. manic episode a period of predominantly elevated, expansive, or irritable mood accompanied by some of the following symptoms: inflated self-esteem, decreased need for sleep, talkativeness, flight of ideas, distractibility, hyperactivity [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]
It may occur along with other disorders, including major depressive, attention-deficit/hyperactivity, anxiety, and conduct disorders. [psychiatry.org]
Compared with adults, children and adolescents are at increased risk of behavioral activation/disinhibition (restlessness, jitteriness, hyperactivity), hypomania or mania, decreased height and weight, and new-onset suicidal thoughts or behaviors. 2, 32 [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Additive Neurocognitive Deficits in Adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and depressive symptoms. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. (2011) 26:385–95. doi: 10.1093/arclin/acr033 PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar 26. [frontiersin.org]
- Personality Change
Symptoms of depression may be different or less obvious in older adults, such as: Memory difficulties or personality changes Physical aches or pain Fatigue, loss of appetite, sleep problems or loss of interest in sex — not caused by a medical condition [mayoclinic.org]
Workup
[…] settings or in other important areas in order to qualify as an episode. [2] The symptoms are not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance (e.g., abuse of a drug or medication) or a general medical condition (e.g., hypothyroidism ). [2] Workup [en.wikipedia.org]
Treatment
[…] as treatment “responders”. [dovepress.com]
[…] alternative treatment that has been proven to be effective in the treatment of depression, especially people that have been resistant to four or more treatments. [16] Some of the unique benefits of vagus nerve stimulation include improved neurocognitive [en.wikipedia.org]
Symptom severity predicts the initial mode of treatment ranging from psychotherapy to medications to combination treatment. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
The medication used in the treatment of bipolar affective disorder may last several years as so-called maintenance treatment. [mieli.fi]
Many people experiencing depression recover after a treatment plan. Even with effective treatment, however, a relapse may occur. About half of people do not initially respond to treatment. [medicalnewstoday.com]
Prognosis
Thus, when they do occur together, the depressive symptoms and functional impairment tend to be more severe and the prognosis is worse compared with bereavement that is not accompanied by major depressive disorder. [psychcentral.com]
Conversely, individuals with schizophrenia can become depressed when they realize the stigma surrounding their illness, the poor prognosis, and loss of function. [psycom.net]
Transcranial magnetic stimulation is also an alternative treatment for a major depressive episode. [16] It is a noninvasive treatment that is easily tolerated and shows an antidepressant effect, especially in more typical depression and younger adults. [16] Prognosis [en.wikipedia.org]
Comorbidity of migraine and depression: Investigating potential etiology and prognosis. Neurology 60, 1308 – 1312 ( 2003 ). 21. ↵ Hyde, C.L. et al. [biorxiv.org]
Depressive psychosis: clinical usefulness of MR spectroscopy data in predicting prognosis. Radiology. 2006;238(1):248–255. 53. de Diego-Adelino J, Portella MJ, Gomez-Anson B, et al. [dovepress.com]
Etiology
Physician Burnout: Definition, Controversies and Etiology The last episode waded into the murky waters of graduate business education. [fahyconsulting.com]
Comorbidity of migraine and depression: Investigating potential etiology and prognosis. Neurology 60, 1308 – 1312 ( 2003 ). 21. ↵ Hyde, C.L. et al. [biorxiv.org]
Childhood depression: Epidemiology, etiological models, and treatment implications. Integr Psychiatry. 1988. 6:1-8. Lewinsohn PM, Hops H, Roberts RE, Seeley JR, Andrews JA. Adolescent psychopathology: I. [medscape.com]
Epidemiology
Global variation in the prevalence and incidence of major depressive disorder: A systematic review of the epidemiological literature. [ourworldindata.org]
METHOD: The Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study is a prospective epidemiological survey in the adult population (n=7076), using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Julkaisuja Attempted suicide and psychiatric consultation Suicide in alcohol-dependent individuals: epidemiology and Life events, social support, and onset of major depressive episode Level of suicidal intent predicts overall mortality and suicide Completed [demo.seco.tkk.fi]
Epidemiology and heritability of major depressive disorder, stratified by age of onset, sex, and illness course in generation scotland: scottish family health study (GS:SFHS ). [biorxiv.org]
"Epidemiology of Childhood and Adult Mental Illness". Neurologic Clinics. 34 (4): 1023–1033. doi : 10.1016/j.ncl.2016.06.010. ISSN 0733-8619. PMID 27719986. ^ Shalev, A; Freedman, S; Peri, T; Brandes, D; Sahar, T; Orr, SP; Pitman, RK (May 1998). [en.wikipedia.org]
Pathophysiology
Several regions of the brain, including the hippocampus, are negatively implicated in the pathophysiology MDD. [frontiersin.org]
"PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION: DO WE HAVE ANY SOLID EVIDENCE OF INTEREST TO CLINICIANS?". World Psychiatry. 9 (3): 155–161. doi : 10.1002/j.2051-5545.2010.tb00298.x. ISSN 1723-8617. PMC 2950973. [en.wikipedia.org]
The relationship of depression and diabetes: Pathophysiological and treatment implications. Psychoneuroendocrinology 36, 1276 – 1286 ( 2011 ). 36. ↵ Das, S. et al. Next-generation genotype imputation service and methods. [biorxiv.org]
[…] changes, such as in N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), choline, myo-inositol, and creatine (Cr), and may affect glutamate regulation.15 Neurobiological alterations, particularly on the left side of the amygdala and DLPFC, are considered to be related to the pathophysiology [dovepress.com]
The role of dopamine in the pathophysiology of depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007 Mar. 64(3):327-37. [Medline]. Alexopoulos GS. Depression in the elderly. Lancet. 2005 Jun 4-10. 365(9475):1961-70. [Medline]. [medscape.com]
Prevention
Excessive stress and sleep deprivation should be avoided in order to prevent the episodes from developing. [mieli.fi]
There's no sure way to prevent depression. [mayoclinic.org]
To prevent relapse, people who take medication for depression should continue with treatment — even after symptoms improve or go away — for as long as their doctor advises. Find tips to help prevent depression from returning here. [medicalnewstoday.com]
New York: Guilford Press; 2002: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS). Available at http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/wisqars. [medscape.com]