Presentation
Paper presented at the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD), Cairo 1994. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1994. World Health Organization: Health Population and development. WHO Position. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
— From the Muthirigu (1929), Kikuyu dance-songs against church opposition to FGM [174] Protestant missionaries in British East Africa (present-day Kenya) began campaigning against FGM in the early 20th century, when Dr. [en.wikipedia.org]
Entire Body System
- Pain
Consequently, sexual intercourse is frequently painful during the first weeks after sexual initiation and the male partner can also experience pain and complications. [endfgm.eu]
Long-term consequences can include: urinary problems (painful urination, urinary tract infections); vaginal problems (discharge, itching, bacterial vaginosis and other infections); menstrual problems (painful menstruations, difficulty in passing menstrual [who.int]
Four of them shared with The Times their pain, emotional trauma and sexual struggles — and their journey to feel whole. [nytimes.com]
You can imagine that sex after that type of procedure is done is extremely painful. Some cultures might just cut the top of the clitoris or the clitoral hood; even that can impact the woman's sensation during sex. [voanews.com]
In addition to the pain when carried out, it comes with considerable health risks to the person which require corrective surgery not easily available, disable her for life, and increasing risk in giving birth to mother and baby. [ifsw.org]
- Severe Pain
In addition to the severe pain during and in the weeks following the cutting, women who have undergone FGM experience various long-term effects - physical, sexual and psychological. [endfgm.eu]
Immediate complications can include: severe pain excessive bleeding (haemorrhage) genital tissue swelling fever infections e.g., tetanus urinary problems wound healing problems injury to surrounding genital tissue shock death. [who.int]
- Fever
Immediate complications can include: severe pain excessive bleeding (haemorrhage) genital tissue swelling fever infections e.g., tetanus urinary problems wound healing problems injury to surrounding genital tissue shock death. [who.int]
Urogenital
- Dyspareunia
A 2013 meta-analysis of 15 studies involving 12,671 women from seven countries concluded that women with FGM were twice as likely to report no sexual desire and 52 percent more likely to report dyspareunia (painful sexual intercourse). [en.wikipedia.org]
- Urinary Retention
Adverse consequences of FGM are shock from pain and hemorrhage,[ 10 ] infection, acute urinary retention following such trauma, damage to the urethra or anus in the struggle of the victim during the procedure making the extent of the operation dictated [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
- Dysmenorrhea
[…] trauma, damage to the urethra or anus in the struggle of the victim during the procedure making the extent of the operation dictated in many cases by chance,[ 6 ] chronic pelvic infection, acquired gynatresia resulting in hematocolpos, vulval adhesions, dysmenorrhea [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Treatment
[…] death through severe bleeding leading to haemorrhagic shock, neurogenic shock as a result of pain and trauma, and overwhelming infection and septicaemia, according to Manfred Nowak, UN Special Rapporteur on Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment [endfgm.eu]
Genital Mutilation is a gross violation of human rights that denies women and girls their rights to physical and mental integrity, freedom from violence, the highest attainable standards of health, freedom from torture, cruel, inhumane and degrading treatments [cairde.ie]
The practice also violates a person's rights to health, security and physical integrity, the right to be free from torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, and the right to life when the procedure results in death. [who.int]
It involves violation of rights of the children and violation of a person's right to health, security, and physical integrity, the right to be free from torture and cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment, and the right to life when the procedure results [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Commentators highlight the voyeurism in the treatment of women's bodies as exhibits. Examples include images of women's vaginas after FGM or girls undergoing the procedure. [en.wikipedia.org]
Epidemiology
International Journal of Epidemiology. 12 (2): 138–144. doi : 10.1093/ije/12.2.138. ISSN 0300-5771. PMID 6874206. Elmusharaf, Susan; Elhadi, Nagla; Almroth, Lars (15 July 2006). [en.wikipedia.org]
Prevention
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, more than 500,000 women and girls have either undergone, or are at risk of undergoing the procedure. Most, but not all, are immigrants to the U.S. [voanews.com]
Therefore, you can find information on Female Genital Mutilation, on areas of distribution, on prevention and on support for those affected by FGM on this page. [frauenrechte.de]
This is due to the secrecy mentioned above which prevents witnesses from coming forward, and to relatively toothless legislation. [ifsw.org]
Irish Family Planning Association, Irish Aid, Refugee Information Service, National Women’s Council of Ireland, Somali Community Ireland, Somali Community in Ireland, Women’s Health Council, UNICEF Ireland Ireland ’s National Action Plan Key Goals: Prevent [cairde.ie]
Other reasons are to prevent mother and child from dying during childbirth and for legal reasons (one cannot inherit property if not circumcised).[ 11 ] In some parts of Nigeria, the cut edges of the external genitalia are smeared with secretions from [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]