Presentation
Measures of treatment effect Dichotomous data For dichotomous data, we present results as summary risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). When appropriate we present risk difference (RD) with 95% CI. [cochranelibrary.com]
The initial clinical presenting form was cellulitis (39%). Necrotizing fasciitis, septic shock, and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (Stss) were observed in 9.6%, 12.9%, and 6.4% of patients, respectively. The mortality rate was 16.1%. [elsevier.es]
Entire Body System
- Fever
Children with other infections from Group A Streptococcus should be kept out of school or childcare until they are fever free for 24 hours without the use of fever suppressing medications. [dshs.texas.gov]
Severe group A streptococcal infections associated with a toxic shock-like syndrome and scarlet fever toxin. N Engl J Med, 321 (1989), pp. 1-7 [15.] D.H. Davies, A. Matlow, S.R. Scriver. [elsevier.es]
AHA Updates Advice on Strep Throat, Preventing Rheumatic Fever. Medscape Today from Heartwire [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/589223. Accessed May 2009. Vorvick, L. (Updated 2009 March 14). [labtestsonline.it]
Puerperal infection defined according to clinical criteria ‐ uterine tenderness, uterine subinvolution and fever in the absence of any other known cause of infection in the postpartum period. [cochranelibrary.com]
- Streptococcal Infection
Apparent lower rates of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome and lower mortality in children with invasive group A streptococcal infections compared with adults. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 13 (1994), pp. 49-56 [16.] G.J. Wilson, D.F. Talkington, W. [elsevier.es]
Group A Streptococcal Infections. Available online at http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228936-overview. Accessed August 2020. (September 28, 2018) Strep Throat. [labtestsonline.it]
- Sepsis
Late onset GBS sepsis ‐ sepsis due to GBS in an infant at least seven days old. Neonatal sepsis, meningitis, urinary tract infection or pneumonia due to bacterial organisms other than GBS, to drug‐resistant bacteria and to fungi. [cochranelibrary.com]
- Streptococcal Pharyngitis
IDSA Updates Guideline for Managing Group A Streptococcal Pharyngitis. Am Fam Physician. 2013 Sep 1;88(5):338-340. Available online at https://www.aafp.org/afp/2013/0901/p338.html. Accessed August 2020. [labtestsonline.it]
Neurologic
- Meningism
Symptoms Streptococcus pyogenes can cause both invasive diseases (such as meningitis or blood stream infections) and non-invasive diseases (such as strep throat). Only invasive disease is reportable to the Texas Department of State Health Services. [dshs.texas.gov]
Neonates with EOD present with respiratory disease (54%), sepsis without focus (27%) and meningitis (15%) (Yagupsky 1991). [cochranelibrary.com]
Treatment
Two studies (Boyer 1986; Matorras 1990) compared ampicillin with no treatment for GBS intrapartum prophylaxis and one study compared penicillin with no treatment (Tuppurainen 1989). [cochranelibrary.com]
[…] chickenpox (Some children get invasive GAS infection right after they've had chickenpox) School Exclusion Policy Children with streptococcal sore throat and scarlet fever should be kept out of school or childcare until 24 hours from the time antibiotic treatment [dshs.texas.gov]
Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment of GBS in Newborns. Available online at http://www.cdc.gov/groupbstrep/about/symptoms-diagnosis-treatment.html through http://www.cdc.gov. Accessed June 2013. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [labtestsonline.it]
Etiology
Organism, Causative Agent, or Etiologic Agent Group A streptococcus (GAS) invasive disease is caused by a type of bacteria called Streptococcus pyogenes. [dshs.texas.gov]
Description of the condition Historical background The etiology of neonatal sepsis varies with geographical location and changes over time (Nyhan 1958; Ohlsson 1986). [cochranelibrary.com]
Epidemiology
Outbreak of group A streptococcal bacteriemia in Sweden: an epidemiologic and clinical study. J Infect Dis, 164 (1991), pp. 595-598 [4.] D.L. Kiska, B. Thiede, J. Caracciolo, M. Jordan, D. Johnson, E.L. Kaplan, et al. [elsevier.es]
Prevention
Group B Strep Prevention (GBS, baby strep, Group B streptococcal bacteria) General Public, Frequently Asked Questions. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [On-line information]. [labtestsonline.it]
Prevention The following steps will help prevent the spread of infection: Keep cuts, scratches, sores and wounds clean and covered Cover your mouth and nose when you sneeze and cough Wash your hands often using hot water and soap Don't share toothbrushes [dshs.texas.gov]
Guidelines for prevention of GBS neonatal infections In 1992, the first guidelines for GBS prevention were published in the US (AAP 1992; ACOG 1992). [cochranelibrary.com]