Presentation
So what do you do when these patient’s present? Treatment is supportive. Avoid further exposure to the toxin. Keep them in a calm environment since increased catecholamine release can be dangerous. [epmonthly.com]
The present statement reviews critical aspects of inhalant abuse, highlighting new information and data that pertain to Aboriginal children and youth, and provides recommendations for treatment and prevention. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Also, due to NMDA antagonism, the user may experience all the psychedelic effects present in classical dissociatives such as ketamine in forms of thought loops and feeling of mind being disconnected from one's body. [en.wikipedia.org]
Entire Body System
- Collapse
Cardiovascular collapse has been described, even in first time users. It is known as “sudden sniffing death.” [epmonthly.com]
- Weakness
Friends and family may suspect heavy abuse by noticing poor hygiene, weight loss, fatigue, nosebleeds, conjunctivitis, muscle weakness, nausea, apathy, poor appetite and gastrointestinal complaints, changes in school attendance or psychological/psychiatric [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
- Pain
[…] crack are not, even though these drugs are inhaled as smoke. [1] [2] While a small number of inhalants are prescribed by medical professionals and used for medical purposes, as in the case of inhaled anesthetics and nitrous oxide (an anxiolytic and pain [en.wikipedia.org]
Respiratoric
- Pneumonia
In some cases, users have died from hypoxia (lack of oxygen), pneumonia, cardiac failure or arrest, [5] or aspiration of vomit. [en.wikipedia.org]
- Dyspnea
Dyspnea, emphysema-like abnormalities and other pulmonary debilitations, distal renal tubular acidosis and hepatitis can be caused by inhalant abuse ( 22 ). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Gastrointestinal
- Nausea
Inhalant abuse leads to intense short-term effects, including the following: Slurred speech Coordination problems Cognitive distortion Disorientation and confusion Dizziness Lightheadedness Nausea The effects of inhalant abuse are usually felt within [crchealth.com]
Nausea. Vomiting. Hallucinations. Ocular and nasal secretions. Tachycardia. Depressed mood. Anxiety. Severe cravings. Insomnia. [mentalhelp.net]
It can cause nausea and vomiting, as well as eye, nose and throat irritation. Exposure can cause frostbite to tissue. A contact dermatitis known as “glue sniffer’s rash” can produce redness, inflammation and itching around the nose and mouth. [epmonthly.com]
Withdrawal may influence treatment; varying manifestations have been reported, such as nausea, anorexia, sweating, tics, sleep disturbance and significant changes to mood ( 13, 28, 36 ). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
In the short term, many users experience headache, nausea and vomiting, slurred speech, loss of motor coordination, and wheezing. A characteristic "glue sniffer's rash" around the nose and mouth is sometimes seen after prolonged use. [en.wikipedia.org]
Musculoskeletal
- Muscle Weakness
Friends and family may suspect heavy abuse by noticing poor hygiene, weight loss, fatigue, nosebleeds, conjunctivitis, muscle weakness, nausea, apathy, poor appetite and gastrointestinal complaints, changes in school attendance or psychological/psychiatric [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Neurologic
- Headache
The user with an acute exposure may come in with ataxia, slurred speech, altered mental status, headache, agitation, hallucinations, or aggressive behavior. More severe symptoms include seizures and CNS depression. [epmonthly.com]
These symptoms have been reported to include: Headaches. Nausea. Vomiting. Hallucinations. Ocular and nasal secretions. Tachycardia. Depressed mood. Anxiety. Severe cravings. Insomnia. [mentalhelp.net]
Further drowsiness and headache can persist for hours because of residual intoxication. Tiredness and sleep often limit the degree of intoxication ( 13 ). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
In the short term, many users experience headache, nausea and vomiting, slurred speech, loss of motor coordination, and wheezing. A characteristic "glue sniffer's rash" around the nose and mouth is sometimes seen after prolonged use. [en.wikipedia.org]
Treatment
Treatment for young people who have been involved in inhalant abuse may be done on an outpatient, residential, or partial hospitalization basis. [crchealth.com]
[…] its treatment and prevention efforts. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Substance abuse treatment facilities exist to help with such problems. Call our confidential line at 1-888-993-3112 Who Answers? to speak with a compassionate and understanding support specialist about inhalant treatment options. [mentalhelp.net]
Are there any antidotes or treatment strategies I should know? The charge nurse described the kid as calm and cooperative. You review the vital signs, which are normal for his age. [epmonthly.com]
The Canadian and provincial Newfoundland and Labrador governments intervened on a number of occasions, sending many children away for treatment. [en.wikipedia.org]
Epidemiology
EPIDEMIOLOGY Lack of recognition, social stigma, changing trends and apparent regional differences, along with differences in survey methods, make accurate reporting of inhalant abuse epidemiology difficult. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Psychiatric disorders in inhalant users: Results from The National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 88, pp. 146-155. 3. Perron, B. E., Howard, M. O., Vaughn, M. G., & Jarman, C. N. (2009). [mentalhelp.net]
Retrieved 2 December 2010. ^ a b c d e "Epidemiology of Inhalant Abuse: An International Perspective" (PDF), National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIDA Research Monograph 148, 1995 ^ Abuse, National Institute on Drug. "Inhalants". [en.wikipedia.org]
Pathophysiology
^ a b "Inhalants: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology". 5 May 2017. Retrieved 19 July 2017 – via eMedicine. ^ a b c d Schaffer, Amanda (8 September 2004). "Vaporize Me". Slate. [en.wikipedia.org]
Prevention
[…] its treatment and prevention efforts. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Treatment for inhalant abuse or addiction may include the following therapies and techniques: Individual therapy Group therapy Family therapy 12-Step education Relapse-prevention instruction Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Dialectical Behavioral Therapy [crchealth.com]
[…] services Interview mental health workers and professionals to assess their needs for access to culturally adapted information and tools on the mental health of youth from Black communities To Mobilize, Educate, and Raise Awareness Conduct the Knowing to Prevent [mentalhealthforeveryone.ca]
Most deaths from solvent abuse could be prevented if individuals were resuscitated quickly when they stopped breathing and their airway cleared if they vomited. [en.wikipedia.org]