Presentation
Study design and sampling The present study is a cross sectional quantitative study conducted in two phases. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
The aim of this paper is to present a recent survey of aethiologies for this type of lymphoedema. In general, two groups can be distinguished: 1. causes with immunologic activity (e. g. [thieme-connect.com]
In some cases, the history and clinical presentation alone are unable to differentiate between the two causes of tropical lymphedema. [en.wikipedia.org]
Entire Body System
- Swelling
Compression bandaging is highly effective in reducing the size of the soft type of swelling (patient shown before [left] and after [right] 6 months of treatment). [who.int]
It is the second most common cause of tropical lymphedema after filariasis, and is characterized by prominent swelling of the lower extremities, which leads to disfigurement and disability. [educalingo.com]
Signs and symptoms[edit] Podoconiosis causes bilateral yet asymmetrical leg swelling with overlying firm nodules. [en.wikipedia.org]
The symptoms of elephantiasis are swelling of legs, breasts, and genitalia. Other symptoms are white urinary discharge, pain in testicles, and swollen liver. Some Ugandans blame elephantiasis on witchcraft. [wuestenschiff.de]
Author Summary Podoconiosis is a chronic non-infectious disease resulting in below-knee swelling of the legs in bare-footed people living in red clay soil areas. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
- Pain
Acute adenolymphangitis episodes occur in which the patient becomes pyrexial and the limb warm and painful. These episodes appear to be related to progression to the hard, fibrotic leg. [who.int]
«AllAfrica.com, Jul 15» Baring soles for shoes Podoconiosis, a debilitating disease that causes extremely painful swelling of the feet and legs, affects more than 4 million people in at least 15 ... [educalingo.com]
Other symptoms are white urinary discharge, pain in testicles, and swollen liver. Some Ugandans blame elephantiasis on witchcraft. [wuestenschiff.de]
Almost all patients (97.0%) had experienced adenolymphangitis (ALA - red, hot legs, swollen and painful groin) at least once during the previous year. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
During acute episodes of adenolymphangitis, patients may develops fevers, extremity warmth, redness, and pain. [en.wikipedia.org]
- Lymphedema
It was later discovered that the distribution of tropical lymphedema and filariasis did not perfectly overlap, and researchers began to recognize that some forms of tropical lymphedema were not associated with filariasis.[12] Ernest W Price, a British [en.wikipedia.org]
Chylous ascites and lymphedema. Am J Dis Child 1959; 98: 317-29. 139 Wertheimer P, Perrin M, Duquesnel J. et al. Lymphedema of the leg 26 years after treatment of a cystic lesion of the upper extremity of the femur. [thieme-connect.com]
Abstract: Podoconiosis or mossy foot is a form of non-filarial lymphedema. [scite.ai]
It is the second most common cause of tropical lymphedema after filariasis, and is characterized by prominent swelling of the lower extremities, which leads to disfigurement and disability. [educalingo.com]
Background Podoconiosis is a disabling and heavily stigmatized condition characterized by lower leg swelling (lymphedema) that, untreated, progresses to elephantiasis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
- Falling
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In the case of podoconiosis, it is important to establish to whom the duties to provide treatments and efforts toward elimination fall. There are two ways of asking this question. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
- Inflammation
[…] through associations with HLA-DQA1, HLA-DQB1, and HLA-DRB1 variants, and a cumulative exposure to irritant soil.[10][11] In susceptible individuals, irritant soil particles penetrate the feet and collect in lymphatic vessels.[12] Over time, chronic inflammation [en.wikipedia.org]
Clinical characteristics included (i) disease onset; (ii) adenolymphangitis (ALA) defined as painful inflammation of the foot and leg with swollen lymph nodes and fever [14], and its consequence on patients' health seeking behaviour and morbidity; and [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Skin
- Ulcer
[citation needed] Lepromatous lymphedema can also mimic podoconiosis clinically, but the former will have loss of sensation in the toes and feet, thickened nerves, and trophic ulcers. [en.wikipedia.org]
Ulcerative and hypertrophic lesions of the vulva. Proc R Soc Med 1968; 61: 363-5. 128 Stolk WA, de Vlas SJ, Habbema JD. Anti-Wolbachia treatment for lymphatic filariasis. [thieme-connect.com]
- Eruptions
Familial rosacea-like eruption with intraepidermal epithelioma. Br J Dermatol 1965; 77: 1-8. 115 Sant SM, Tormey VJ, Freyne P. et al. Lymphatic obstruction in rheumatoid arthritis. [thieme-connect.com]
- Hyperkeratosis
Early changes that may be observed are splaying of the forefoot, plantar oedema with lymph ooze, increased skin markings, hyperkeratosis with the formation of moss-like papillomata (left) and rigid toes. [who.int]
Neurologic
- Neglect
"Community-based control of a neglected tropical disease: the mossy foot treatment and prevention association". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 3 (5): e424. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000424. PMC 2682702. [en.wikipedia.org]
Indeed, the category of NTDs is united not by biomedical commonalities but, as its name suggests, by commonalities of geographical distribution and neglect. This neglect has several components. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Elephantiasis is one of the neglected diseases in the world. The disease is transmitted to humans by filarial worms [filariasis is transmitted by mosquitoes]. [wuestenschiff.de]
Podoconiosis is widespread in tropical Africa, Central America and North India, yet it remains a neglected and under-researched condition. The disabling effects of podoconiosis cause great hardship to patients. [scite.ai]
«The Star Online, Mai 15» The Slow Road To Stamping Out Neglected Diseases The organizers gave an honorable mention to podoconiosis, another neglected inflammatory disease affecting the foot. Thought to be caused ... [educalingo.com]
- Burning Sensation
Early symptoms commonly include itching of the skin of the forefoot and a burning sensation in the foot and lower leg. [who.int]
Treatment
In Ethiopia, The Mossy Foot Treatment and Prevention Association (now Mossy Foot International) works to transform patients into community podoconiosis agents who in turn visit patients, teach basic treatment techniques such as foot hygiene, and educate [en.wikipedia.org]
All curricula for health professionals working in endemic areas should include training on the pathogenesis, identification, and treatment of podoconiosis, and the physical resources for treatment should be readily available. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Secondary prevention involves training in a simple lymphoedema treatment regimen, similar to that used in management of LF lymphoedema. [who.int]
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Etiology
[…] tropical lymphedema and filariasis did not perfectly overlap, and researchers began to recognize that some forms of tropical lymphedema were not associated with filariasis.[12] Ernest W Price, a British surgeon living in Ethiopia, discovered the true etiology [en.wikipedia.org]
The significance of particle size of soils as a risk factor in the etiology of podoconiosis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1990; 84: 885-6. 102 Proske S, Uter W, Schwanitz HJ. [thieme-connect.com]
Environmental factors in the etiology of endemic elephantiasis of the lower legs in tropical Africa. Trop Geogr Med. 1984;36:1–5. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 10. Wanji S, Tendongfor N, Esum M, Che JN, Mand S, et al. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Epidemiology
"Global epidemiology of podoconiosis: A systematic review". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 12 (3): e0006324. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0006324. PMC 5849362. [en.wikipedia.org]
An epidemiological study in settler populations in Keffa region [21] showed male predominance. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Filariasis in northern Fiji: epidemiological evidence regarding the mechanisms of pathogenesis. J Hyg (Lond) 1971; 69: 297-306. 87 Mayou SC, Calderon RA, Goodfellow A. et al. [thieme-connect.com]
Pathophysiology
[edit] According to the World Health Organization "Evidence suggests that podoconiosis is the result of a genetically determined abnormal inflammatory reaction to mineral particles in irritant red clay soils derived from volcanic deposits".[9] The pathophysiology [en.wikipedia.org]
Pathology and pathophysiology of deep thrombophlebitis. Am Surg 1968; 34: 207-10. 121 Silver HM, Tsangaris NT, Eaton OM. Lymphedema and lymphography in sarcoidosis. Arch Intern Med 1966; 117: 712-4. 122 Singh SP, Ellyin F, Singh SK. et al. [thieme-connect.com]
Prevention
Tertiary prevention encompasses secondary prevention measures, elevation and compression of the affected leg, and, in selected cases, removal of prominent nodules. [who.int]
Other causes of lymphedema include Kaposi sarcoma, mycetoma, and elephantiasis nostras verrucosa.[14] Prevention[edit] Elimination of podoconiosis relies on prevention with widespread shoe implementation, stringent foot hygiene, and floor coverings. [en.wikipedia.org]
Ministry Set to Prevent, Control Eight Diseases By 2020 ... onchocerciasis, leishmaniasis, lymphatic filariasis, trachoma, soil transmitted helminthiasis, schistosomiasis and podoconiosis. Dr. Amha ... [educalingo.com]
Podoconiosis can be prevented; the main primary preventive measure is protective footwear. Secondary measures include a strict hygiene regimen and compression therapy, which can reverse initial lesions. [scite.ai]
Interventions must be developed to raise awareness of podoconiosis, to prevent, treat and control the disease. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]