Presentation
One thousand and two children presenting with acute lower respiratory tract illnesses were enrolled from February 2008 to August 2010. [jped.elsevier.es]
Molecular analysis suggested that the present HPIV-4 outbreak was caused by a single genotype. [jcm.asm.org]
Interpretation A positive result indicates that virus was present in the specimen submitted. Clinical correlation is necessary to determine the significance of this finding as asymptomatic, persistent, or recurrent adenovirus infections can occur. [publichealthlab.ca]
Epidemiology and clinical presentation of parainfluenza type 4 in children: a 3-year comparative study toparainfluenza types 1-3. J. Infect. [quidel.com]
Respiratoric
- Sneezing
Transmission HPIVs usually spread by direct contact with infectious droplets or by airborne spread when an infected person breathes, coughs, or sneezes. [cdc.gov]
“So being near a person when they cough or sneeze or touching someone who’s infected can spread the virus. It can also live on surfaces.” In most cases, parainfluenza occurs in young children, but anyone can get it at any age. [bannerhealth.com]
It can spread through the air when a person with the infection coughs or sneezes. You can also get the flu by touching a surface that has the flu virus on it, and then touching your mouth, nose, or eyes. [medlineplus.gov]
- Stridor
They include: runny or stuffy nose fever sore throat barky, dry cough (croup) wheezing stridor (a high-pitched noise heard usually when breathing in) tightness in chest shortness of breath difficulty breathing Most often, the symptoms aren’t severe enough [bannerhealth.com]
Gastrointestinal
- Vomiting
Fever and cough with or without sputum were the most common symptoms, followed by coryza, sore throat, and vomiting. The infection typically began with high fever of 39°C to 40°C which lasted for 2 to 5 days, followed by defervescence. [jcm.asm.org]
Treatment
Prevention and Treatment Currently, there is no vaccine to prevent HPIV infection. However, researchers are trying to develop vaccines. Also, there is no specific antiviral treatment for HPIV illness. [cdc.gov]
Treatment: Most infections in adults and older children are mild and recovery takes place without treatment, unless the person is very old or has an abnormal immune system. [en.vircell.com]
Instead, treatment is aimed at reducing the symptoms. HPIVs usually cause mild symptoms that can be treated at home. [childrenshospital.org]
There’s no treatment that can eliminate an HPIV from your body. If you have an HPIV infection, you just have to let it run its course. [healthline.com]
Etiology
[…] the largest number of positive cases of all HPIVs, like other respiratory viruses, occurs in children aged less than 1 year, which is consistent with the international literature.8,9,17 When physical symptoms and clinical diagnosis were compared with etiology [jped.elsevier.es]
When physical symptoms and clinical diagnosis were compared with etiology, no association could be found, so it was impossible to identify the HPIV type based only on clinical signs; however, a relatively higher rate of mechanical ventilation and intensive [scielo.br]
HPIV-4 was found to be the etiological agent only after the RT-PCR assay. [jcm.asm.org]
Epidemiology
Epidemiological Features HPIVs are spread from respiratory secretions through close contact with infected persons or contact with contaminated surfaces or objects. [gov.uk]
Different methods for diagnosis of HPIV-4 infections were also compared, and molecular epidemiology was used to confirm nosocomial transmission in the outbreak. [jcm.asm.org]
The epidemiological and clinical characteristics reported here improve our understanding of the pathogenesis associated with HPIV-4. Top of Page [fondation-merieuxusa.org]
Parainfluenza virus infections in a tropical city: clinical and epidemiological aspects. Braz J Infect Dis. 2008;12:192-7. [scielo.br]
PLoS ONE 7:e43893 Article CAS Google Scholar Frost HM, Robinson CC, Dominguez SR (2014) Epidemiology and clinical presentation of parainfluenza type 4 in children: a 3-year comparative study to parainfluenza types 1–3. [link.springer.com]
Prevention
Prevention and Treatment Currently, there is no vaccine to prevent HPIV infection. However, researchers are trying to develop vaccines. Also, there is no specific antiviral treatment for HPIV illness. [cdc.gov]
How can I prevent parainfluenza altogether? There currently isn’t a vaccine to prevent HPIV infection, but there are things you can do to help prevent infection. [bannerhealth.com]
In outbreak and cluster settings, to prevent onward transmission, strict attention to infection control measures such as hand washing and wearing protective equipments should decrease or prevent spread of infection. [gov.uk]
Prevention of HPIV infection There is no vaccine for available for HPIV. Prevention of HPIV infection depends on the behavior of child care providers and health care providers to reduce the spread of HPIV by practicing good medical hygiene. [quidel.com]
Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), 155# Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102200, China Naiying Mao, Yan Zhang, Aili Cui, Zhen Zhu & Wenbo Xu Henan Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 105# Nongye South Road [link.springer.com]