Patients with PKC typically present with symptoms such as redness, tearing, and irritation in one or both eyes. They may also experience sensitivity to light (photophobia) and a sensation of a foreign body in the eye. On examination, small, white or pink nodules are visible on the conjunctiva or at the limbus, the border between the cornea and the sclera. These nodules can cause corneal ulceration if left untreated.

The diagnosis of PKC is primarily clinical, based on the characteristic appearance of phlyctenules and associated symptoms. A thorough patient history and eye examination are essential. Additional tests may include slit-lamp examination to assess the extent of corneal involvement and, if necessary, microbiological cultures or skin tests to identify underlying infections, such as tuberculosis. Blood tests may be conducted to rule out other systemic conditions.

Treatment of PKC focuses on addressing the underlying cause and alleviating symptoms. Topical corticosteroids are commonly prescribed to reduce inflammation and discomfort. If a bacterial infection is suspected, antibiotic eye drops or ointments may be used. In cases linked to tuberculosis, systemic anti-tubercular therapy is necessary. Regular follow-up is important to monitor the response to treatment and prevent complications.

With timely and appropriate treatment, the prognosis for PKC is generally good. Most patients experience significant improvement in symptoms within a few weeks. However, if left untreated, PKC can lead to complications such as corneal scarring or ulceration, which may affect vision. Early intervention and management of any underlying infections are crucial for a favorable outcome.

PKC is primarily a hypersensitivity reaction to bacterial antigens. The most common associations are with tuberculosis and staphylococcal infections. Other potential triggers include chlamydial infections and, less commonly, viral infections. The condition is more prevalent in individuals with a history of exposure to these pathogens or those with compromised immune systems.

PKC is relatively uncommon in developed countries but may be more prevalent in regions with higher rates of tuberculosis and other bacterial infections. It can affect individuals of any age but is more frequently observed in children and young adults. There is no significant gender predilection, and the condition can occur in both urban and rural settings.

The pathophysiology of PKC involves a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to bacterial antigens. This immune response leads to the formation of phlyctenules, which are small, localized areas of inflammation. The nodules consist of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages, which contribute to the inflammatory process. The cornea and conjunctiva are the primary sites affected due to their exposure to environmental antigens.

Preventing PKC involves reducing exposure to potential bacterial triggers. This includes maintaining good hygiene, managing chronic bacterial infections, and ensuring timely treatment of tuberculosis. In endemic areas, vaccination against tuberculosis may help reduce the risk. Regular eye check-ups can aid in early detection and management of any underlying conditions that may predispose individuals to PKC.

Phlyctenular Keratoconjunctivitis is an inflammatory eye condition resulting from a hypersensitivity reaction to bacterial antigens. It presents with symptoms like eye redness, irritation, and nodules on the cornea or conjunctiva. Diagnosis is clinical, supported by patient history and examination. Treatment involves anti-inflammatory and antibiotic therapies, with a good prognosis if managed promptly. Understanding the underlying causes and maintaining good hygiene are key to prevention.

Phlyctenular Keratoconjunctivitis is an eye condition that causes redness, irritation, and small nodules on the eye's surface. It is often linked to bacterial infections like tuberculosis. If you experience symptoms such as eye discomfort, tearing, or sensitivity to light, it's important to seek medical attention. Treatment usually involves eye drops to reduce inflammation and antibiotics if an infection is present. With proper care, most people recover well without lasting effects. Regular eye check-ups and good hygiene can help prevent this condition.