Presentation
CONCLUSION: The present study revealed great differences between both diagnostic tests, as well as suggesting high P. malariae prevalence from a molecular perspective. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Other Plasmodium species present included P. falciparum (100,078 presentations, 51.0%), P. vivax (65,306 presentations, 33.3%), P. ovale (120 presentations, 0.1%) and mixed Plasmodium species (25,779 presentations, 13.1%). [journals.plos.org]
Entire Body System
- Fever
METHODS: All fever cases or cases with history of fever in 25 villages of Balaghat district were screened for malaria parasite using bivalent rapid diagnostic test and microscopy after obtaining written informed consent. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
It causes fevers that recur at approximately three-day intervals (a quartan fever), longer than the two-day (tertian) intervals of the other malarial parasites, hence its alternate names quartan fever and quartan malaria. [scientistsagainstmalaria.net]
- Asymptomatic
KEYWORDS: Asymptomatic infections; Cameroon; P. malariae; PCR; Sequence analysis [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
- Malaise
He was asymptomatic in between the fever spikes except for the malaise and tiredness. There was no history of jaundice. He was initially evaluated by a local practitioner in Calicut and was prescribed oral doxycycline, 3 days before the admission. [jpgmonline.com]
Signs and symptoms Symptoms of malaria may include: fever, which may come and go, or may be constant chills profuse sweating malaise (feeling of unwellness) muscle and joint pain headache confusion nausea loss of appetite diarrhoea abdominal pain cough [sahealth.sa.gov.au]
Malaria is characterised by fever and influenza-like symptoms, including chills, headache, myalgia, and malaise; these symptoms can occur at intervals. [ecdc.europa.eu]
These symptoms include chills, headache, myalgias, and malaise, and they occur in a cyclic pattern. The parasite may also cause jaundice and anemia due to the lysis of the RBCs. [emedicine.medscape.com]
- Anorexia
A 32 year old Bangladeshi male laborer from Fatickchari, Bangladesh, was admitted to Chittagong Medical College Hospital in July 2008 because of a ten day history of evening fevers, chills, rigors, headache, anorexia, myalgia, dry cough, palpitations, [microbewiki.kenyon.edu]
1.75 None 24/11/12 (J17) Yes 27/11/12 (J20) 87.89 1.89 None 3/12/12 82 1.62 None The patient was hospitalized again three months later in another health centre (Philippe Senghor health care centre); suffering from diarrhoea, fever, chills, asthenia and anorexia [malariajournal.biomedcentral.com]
Key symptoms Uncomplicated malaria: symptoms are many and include fever, rigors, headache, malaise, anorexia, diarrhea, and cough. Symptoms are associated with the blood stage rather than the liver stage. [infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com]
Patients with mixed Plasmodium infections commonly reported symptoms of headache (124 [67·8%] of 183 episodes), rigours or chills (92 [50·3%]), cough (67 [36·6%]), and loss of appetite or anorexia (61 [33·3%]). [thelancet.com]
- Fatigue
Symptomatic patients presented mild to moderate symptoms like fever, chills, headache, dizziness, fatigue and myalgia.Although both the intermediate as well as the definite host are known to be endemic in southeastern Bangladesh, no evidence for the presence [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Photosensitivity Nephro- and hepatotoxicity Damage to mucous membranes (these antibiotics should be taken with a lot of water) Artemether-lumefantrine Gastrointestinal discomfort Prolonged QT interval Quinidine Palpitations, angina pectoris CNS : dizziness, fatigue [amboss.com]
Fever, chills, headache, fatigue, nausea, and vomiting are some of the most common clinical indications of the disease [7]. [malariajournal.biomedcentral.com]
Respiratoric
- Cough
Signs and symptoms Symptoms of malaria may include: fever, which may come and go, or may be constant chills profuse sweating malaise (feeling of unwellness) muscle and joint pain headache confusion nausea loss of appetite diarrhoea abdominal pain cough [sahealth.sa.gov.au]
The most severe form is caused by P. falciparum; variable clinical features include fever, chills, headache, muscular aching and weakness, vomiting, cough, diarrhoea and abdominal pain. [who.int]
(%) Symptom Fever history reported 18 18 (100) Chills 18 13 (72) Headache 18 8 (44) Weakness 18 6 (33) Diarrhea 18 4 (22) Myalgia 18 4 (22) Neck ache 18 4 (22) Nausea 18 3 (17) Cough 18 2 (11) Vomiting 18 2 (11) Night sweats 18 2 (11) Dyspnea 18 1 [academic.oup.com]
Gastrointestinal
- Nausea
Along with bouts of fever and more general clinical symptoms such as chills and nausea, the presence of edema and the nephrotic syndrome has been documented with some P. malariae infections. [scientistsagainstmalaria.net]
Malaria has an incubation period of 7–42 days and may present with relatively unspecific symptoms like fever, nausea, and vomiting. Therefore, it is often misdiagnosed. [amboss.com]
Signs and symptoms Symptoms of malaria may include: fever, which may come and go, or may be constant chills profuse sweating malaise (feeling of unwellness) muscle and joint pain headache confusion nausea loss of appetite diarrhoea abdominal pain cough [sahealth.sa.gov.au]
- Loss of Appetite
Signs and symptoms Symptoms of malaria may include: fever, which may come and go, or may be constant chills profuse sweating malaise (feeling of unwellness) muscle and joint pain headache confusion nausea loss of appetite diarrhoea abdominal pain cough [sahealth.sa.gov.au]
Patients with mixed Plasmodium infections commonly reported symptoms of headache (124 [67·8%] of 183 episodes), rigours or chills (92 [50·3%]), cough (67 [36·6%]), and loss of appetite or anorexia (61 [33·3%]). [thelancet.com]
Liver, Gall & Pancreas
- Jaundice
There was no history of jaundice. He was initially evaluated by a local practitioner in Calicut and was prescribed oral doxycycline, 3 days before the admission. Rapid malarial antigen test done that time was negative. [jpgmonline.com]
Patients can present with flu-like symptoms such as fever, headache, malaise, aches and pains, and jaundice resulting in an initial diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis or viral hepatitis. [infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com]
Malaria may be associated with anaemia and jaundice, and P. falciparum infections can cause seizures, mental confusion, kidney failure, coma, and death, particularly in young children. 3. [ecdc.europa.eu]
Gastrointestinal: diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting Liver : hepatosplenomegaly, discrete jaundice Severe malaria : can lead to severe organ dysfunction Most commonly a result of falciparum malaria Kidneys : flank pain, oliguria, hemoglobinuria [amboss.com]
Skin
- Sweating
The wet stage occurs several hours after the fever, when the body temperature drops quickly to normal and profuse sweating begins. The patient is exhausted but well until the next cycle of fever begins. [atsu.edu]
Each time they burst, you'll have a bout of fever, chills and sweating. Malaria can also be spread through blood transfusions and the sharing of needles, but this is very rare. Page last reviewed: 22 August 2018 Next review due: 22 August 2021 [nhs.uk]
Signs and symptoms Symptoms of malaria may include: fever, which may come and go, or may be constant chills profuse sweating malaise (feeling of unwellness) muscle and joint pain headache confusion nausea loss of appetite diarrhoea abdominal pain cough [sahealth.sa.gov.au]
Collapse during the sweating phase is not uncommon. Complications : Proteinuria is common in P. malariae infections and in children may be associated with clinical signs of the nephrotic syndrome. [med-chem.com]
- Blister
On day 7 (±1) and day 28 (±2), a trained community health worker visited the participants at home to monitor safety, assess compliance by collecting empty blisters and any leftover pills or sachets, and collect blood for malaria microscopy and molecular [thelancet.com]
Psychiatrical
- Suggestibility
CONCLUSION: The present study revealed great differences between both diagnostic tests, as well as suggesting high P. malariae prevalence from a molecular perspective. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Neurologic
- Neglect
Neglected malaria parasites in hard-to-reach areas of Odisha, India: implications in elimination programme. Bal M, Rana R, Das A, Khuntia HK, Somalkar N, Sahoo N, Ghosal J, Pati S, Dutta A, Ranjit M. Bal M, et al. [pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
[…] url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26720002 Journal title: PLoS neglected tropical diseases Publication Date: 2015-12 Type: Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. [digitallibrary.health.nt.gov.au]
The genomes of these more neglected species will enable the development of tools to study malaria transmission and spread, which will be essential to achieve the goal of complete malaria eradication." [phys.org]
Discussion Plasmodium malariae is the most neglected among Plasmodium species responsible of human malaria, being frequently undetected due to the very low parasitaemia it causes. [malariajournal.biomedcentral.com]
This underlines the epidemiological importance of non-falciparum and mixed Plasmodium malaria in central Africa and the associated need for antimalarials with confirmed effectiveness for the treatment of these neglected Plasmodium infections. [thelancet.com]
Workup
Hence, P. malariae infection should remain in the differential diagnosis of febrile patients returning from endemic countries whose malaria workup is negative, and PCR should be utilized early on. [academic.oup.com]
Treatment
He was diagnosed with renal cortical necrosis post malaria treatment. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Prognosis
The clinical presentation and prognosis of the disease depend on the Plasmodium species. Malaria has an incubation period of 7–42 days and may present with relatively unspecific symptoms like fever, nausea, and vomiting. [amboss.com]
Etiology
[…] generally occurs between 45° N and 40° S (WHO: World Malaria Report 2014 [Accessed 9 January 2018]) Plasmodium knowlesi: usually causes malaria in monkeys (Lancet 2004;363:1017, Trends Parasitol 2008;24:406, Emerg Infect Dis 2008;14:1434) Pathophysiology / etiology [pathologyoutlines.com]
Etiology Pathogen : Plasmodia Vector : : the female Anopheles mosquito Host: humans Plasmodium knowlesi occurs in different primate species and, as a zoonotic disease, can be transmitted to humans. [amboss.com]
Etiology Malaria is caused by obligate intracellular protozoan parasites of the genus "Plasmodium". The four species of human malarial parasites are Plasmodium vivax, P falciparum, P malariae, and P ovale. [atsu.edu]
Epidemiology
Keywords: Plasmodium malariae; elimination; malaria epidemiology; non-falciparum. [pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
The potential interactions of P. malariae and P. ovale with Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax might explain some basic questions of malaria epidemiology, and understanding these interactions could have an important influence on the deployment [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Pathophysiology
[…] vivax Disease generally occurs between 45° N and 40° S (WHO: World Malaria Report 2014 [Accessed 9 January 2018]) Plasmodium knowlesi: usually causes malaria in monkeys (Lancet 2004;363:1017, Trends Parasitol 2008;24:406, Emerg Infect Dis 2008;14:1434) Pathophysiology [pathologyoutlines.com]
[…] hemoglobinopathies (e.g., thalassemia, Hb C) Infection with malaria subsequently leads to the development of specific Plasmodium antibodies that result in partial immunity for a limited amount of time (less than a year) References: [2] [1] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] Pathophysiology [amboss.com]
The pathophysiology of falciparum malaria. Pharmacol Ther. 2003;99:221-60. 23. Tripathi AK, Sullivan DJ, Stins MF. [revistabiomedica.org]
Of note, the pathophysiology of malaria does not include vasculitis or inflammatory cellular infiltration in or around the cerebral vasculature, and most patients have no evidence of cerebral edema. [infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com]
Prevention
Intermittent preventive treatment for the prevention of malaria during pregnancy in high transmission areas. Malar J. 2007 Dec 4. 6:160. [Medline]. [Full Text]. Trape JF, Tall A, Diagne N, et al. [medscape.com]
University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York 10021, USA. 3 Key Laboratory of National Health and Family Planning Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Plasmodium malariae infection does not lead to the development of hypnozoites and therefore no additional relapse prevention is needed. Sincerely Bernhard R. [ep.bmj.com]