Presentation
Presenting skin disorders in black Afro-Caribbean patients: a multicentre study conducted in the Paris region. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 2008;135:177–182. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 122. El-Essawi D, Musial JL, Hammand A, et al. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Entire Body System
- Pain
Paine C, Sharlow E, Liebel F, et al. An alternative approach to depigmentation by soybean extracts via inhibition of the PAR-2 pathway. J Invest Dermatol. 2001;116:587–595. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 84. Wallo W, Nebus J, Leyden JJ. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Skin
- Erythema
However, erythema was significantly decreased (p<0.0001) and improvements were also noted in greasiness, dryness, and scaliness by clinical exam. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
- Hyperpigmentation
Topical therapy is typically effective for epidermal postinflammatory hyperpigmentation; however, certain procedures, such as chemical peeling and laser therapy, may help treat recalcitrant hyperpigmentation. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
- Acne Vulgaris
Adapalene gel 0.1% for topical treatment of acne vulgaris in African patients. Cutis. 2001;68:48–54. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 50. Grimes P, Callender V. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Neurologic
- Irritability
4% or higher HQ, particularly when used in combination with other agents that can be irritating, such as retinoids.28 However, concomitant use of a topical corticosteroid can reduce irritation, thereby decreasing the risk of further hyperpigmentation [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Treatment
The mainstay of treatment for PIH remains HQ. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Etiology
Therefore, this article reviews the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and treatment options for PIH in skin of color. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Epidemiology
Epidemiology Table 1 shows the worldwide prevalence of pigmentary disorders, excluding vitiligo, in various ethnic populations. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Prevention
Initiating treatment early for PIH may help hasten its resolution and prevent further darkening. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]