Presentation
The present study aims at analysing the problems of persons with severe mental retardation and multiple disabilities in terms of presenting complaints, previous consultations, aetiological factors and associated problems. [indianjpsychiatry.org]
Eight general categories are identified and clinical examples are presented to compare and contrast severely and mildly retarded in each category. [youtube.com]
Journal of Mental Deficiency Research, 21, 3, 161-80, Sep 77 Presented are results of a study of the incidence, prevalence, gestational age, birth weight, associated central nervous system disorders, and etiological and pathogenetic aspects of 161 severely [eric.ed.gov]
Characterize the relationship between the age of presentation and the severity level of mental retardation. [pedsinreview.aappublications.org]
Gender and cultural differences in presentation Individualized testing are always required to make the diagnosis of Mental Retardation. [courses.lumenlearning.com]
Entire Body System
- Developmental Disorder
This definition of developmental disability also includes children, youth and adults with developmental disorders such as Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders or Autism Spectrum Disorders." [mchp-appserv.cpe.umanitoba.ca]
Journal Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders Year 1981 Volume 11 Issue 1 Page(s) pp. 31-44 Abstract Link Read Abstract ( New Window ) Publication Format Journal Article Scientific Validity Peer-Reviewed Keywords Social Skills, Autism, Child/Children [researchautism.net]
Intellectual developmental disorders: towards a new name, definition and framework for 'mental retardation/intellectual disability' in ICD-11. World Psychiatry 2011; 10:175-180. [gpnotebook.com]
This is a psychological developmental disorder that is marked by a very low IQ and problems with everyday functioning like communication or taking care of oneself. It is almost always diagnosed before age 18. [study.com]
Intellectual developmental disorder; Mental retardation American Psychiatric Association. Intellectual disability. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013:33-41. [medlineplus.gov]
- Epilepsy
The major presenting complaints were in the areas of sell help, language, epilepsy, motor problems and behaviour problems. [indianjpsychiatry.org]
Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, myoclonic epilepsy, Rett syndrome. [intechopen.com]
Special Conditions Epilepsy. An estimated 29.9% of persons with mental retardation and related conditions in mental retardation facilities were reported to have epilepsy. [aspe.hhs.gov]
Sills Epilepsy & Behavior (2016) SRD5A3-CDG: Expanding the phenotype of a congenital disorder of glycosylation with emphasis on adult onset features Patricia G. Wheeler, Bobby G. Ng, Laura Sanford, V. Reid Sutton, Dennis W. Bartholomew, Matthew T. [nature.com]
Examples of associated disabilities: Cerebral palsy Epilepsy Vision impairment Hearing loss Speech and language problems Your child's doctor or local developmental service agency can help you to get to those supports or services in your area. [healthychildren.org]
- Trisomy 21
The characteristic phenotype of Down syndrome is basically the same in trisomy 21 and in translocation. [emedicine.medscape.com]
Down syndrome occurs when there is an extra chromosome in the 21st pair of chromosomes (known as trisomy 21). People with Down syndrome have 47 chromosomes instead of the normal46. The disorder occurs in one out of every 600-700 births worldwide. [psychology.jrank.org]
Examples of such accidents are development of an extra chromosome 18 (trisomy 18) and Down syndrome. Down syndrome, also called mongolism or trisomy 21, is caused by an abnormality in the development of chromosome 21. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]
Chromosomal abnormalities Autosomal chromosom aneuploidies Aberrations in autosomal chromosome number in live born babies are restricted to aneuploidies: trisomy 13 (Patau's syndrome), 18 (Edward's syndrome) and trisomy 21 (Down syndrome), monosomy of [intechopen.com]
Gastrointestinal
- Failure to Thrive
[…] to thrive poor coordination/fine motor skills poor socialization skills, such as difficulty building and maintaining friendships and relating to groups lack of imagination or curiosity learning difficulties, including poor memory, inability to understand [courses.lumenlearning.com]
Short chain fatty acid dehydrogenase disorders Short Chain Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase deficiency (SCAD) Short Chain Hydroxy Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase deficiency (SCHAD) SCAD deficiency presents in the neonatal period with failure-to-thrive, hypotonia, and metabolis [intechopen.com]
Musculoskeletal
- Osteoporosis
[…] behaviour Aggressive and violent MAO serotonin metabolism OCRL1 Lowe syndrome Short stature, cataracts, hypotonia, aminoaciduria, progressive renal disease Signal transduction, lipid metabolism GK Glycerol kinase deficiency Short stature, spasticity, osteoporosis [intechopen.com]
Psychiatrical
- Severe Mental Retardation
I urge the American Psychological Association (APA) to classify radical feminism as a sign of severe mental retardation and any other associated disorder. It's time we get these poor, deluded souls the help they so desperately need. [change.org]
Persons with severe mental retardation and multiple disabilities numbering 164 who sought services at NIMH over a period of 15 months were studied. They formed 22% of the total number of mentally retarded individuals registered during the period. [indianjpsychiatry.org]
Abstract Twenty-seven community studies of severe mental retardation, defined as IQ less than 50, were reviewed. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
mentally retarded children in Northern Sweden. [eric.ed.gov]
- Self-Mutilation
His medical history included psychosis, suicidal depression, paranoid delusions, and self-mutilation. [hrw.org]
[…] glycosaminoglycan metabolism PLP1 Pelizaeus-Merzbacher syndrome Nystagmus, truncalhypotonia and progressive spastic paraplegia, ataxia, and dystonia associated with CNS dysmyelination Membrane component, myelin component HPRT1 SyndromeLesch-Nyhan Choreoathetosis, self-mutilation [intechopen.com]
- Aggressive Behavior
There are many adaptive behavior scales, and accurate assessment of the quality of someone's adaptive behavior requires clinical judgment as well. [psychology.wikia.org]
The prevalence of aggressive behavior was highest among persons with severe mental retardation (40.6%), with fairly consistent rates (between 24.7% and 30.6%) reported for other groups. Hurting self. [aspe.hhs.gov]
- Self-Mutilation
His medical history included psychosis, suicidal depression, paranoid delusions, and self-mutilation. [hrw.org]
[…] glycosaminoglycan metabolism PLP1 Pelizaeus-Merzbacher syndrome Nystagmus, truncalhypotonia and progressive spastic paraplegia, ataxia, and dystonia associated with CNS dysmyelination Membrane component, myelin component HPRT1 SyndromeLesch-Nyhan Choreoathetosis, self-mutilation [intechopen.com]
- Withdrawn
24.4 33.5 31.2 23.6 Cries for long period for no apparent reason 14.6 11.6 9.8 16.0 10.5 15.2 12.5 MOODS (excludes persons with profound mental retardation) Frequently worried/ apprehensive 28.0 35.9 30.1 33.3 32.8 13.0 31.4 Frequently unresponsive/ withdrawn [aspe.hhs.gov]
Neurologic
- Behavior Problem
Medications are required to treat co morbidities like aggression, mood disorders, self injurious behaviour, other behavioral problems and convulsions which occur in 40%to 70% of cases Source: Dr Sudha Rani, Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, Institute [vikaspedia.in]
Affected children may appear disinterested or may exhibit behavioral problems often linked to frustration. They lag behind their peers in achieving major developmental milestones. Infants may also exhibit symptoms, though more rarely. [sharecare.com]
Also known as IQ, this refers to a person’s ability to learn, reason, make decisions, and solve problems. Adaptive behaviors. [webmd.com]
Some have aggressive features with comorbid behavior problems. This problem would make adjustment difficult. Negative features include self-injurious behavior, aggression, stereotypical movements, communication problems, and overactivity. [courses.lumenlearning.com]
However, some health problems are associated with the disorder. Behavioral problems: A person with intellectual disability can display high levels of restlessness, impulsiveness and can be irritable and throw temper tantrums. [whiteswanfoundation.org]
- Seizure
For the purpose of this study, subjects were subdivided into two groups: those with a history of seizures and those who had never had seizures. [nejm.org]
Some mental retardation is accompanied by severe illness, seizures, and throwing up. [sharecare.com]
[…] vomiting and dehydration, respiratory distress, muscle weakness, coma, seizures, developmental delay Multiple Carboxylase Deficiency Seizures, immune system impairment, skin rashes, hair loss, hearing loss, mental retardation 2-Methyl-3- Hydroxybutyryl [intechopen.com]
Epileptic seizures often begin as infantile spasms, which should alert the physician to look for other symptoms of this disorder. [emedicine.medscape.com]
These include blood tests, urine tests, imaging tests to look for structural problems in the brain, or electroencephalogram ( EEG ) to look for evidence of seizures. [webmd.com]
- Confusion
The gray area of confusion comes about because children with autism struggle with communication and learning behaviors. [otsimo.com]
The Change in Terminology Has Unclear Implications for Disability Policy and Adjudication Comment: One commenter suggested that the change in terminology from “mental retardation” to “intellectual disability” could generate confusion among adjudicators [federalregister.gov]
Theodor Meynert in the 1890s lectures described amentia as a form of sudden-onset confusion ( German : Verwirrtheit ), often with hallucinations. [58] This term was long in use in psychiatry in this sense. [en.wikipedia.org]
MENTAL ILLNESS is different Some people confuse 'mental retardation' with 'mental illness'. But they are very different. A person who is mentally ill may have normal or high intelligence, and may be highly educated. [dinf.ne.jp]
Although the two conditions are often confused, they are different disorders. [hrw.org]
- Average Intelligence
Intellectual disability (ID), once called mental retardation, is characterized by below-average intelligence or mental ability and a lack of skills necessary for day-to-day living. [webmd.com]
Intellectual disability is characterized both by a significantly below-average score on a test of mental ability or intelligence and by limitations in the ability to function in areas of daily life, such as communication, self-care, and getting along [autismtruths.org]
Mental retardation is a condition in which people have significantly below average mental functioning (an intelligence quotient or IQ of 70-75 or less compared to the normal average of 100), causing problems with everyday A trio of winners celebrate their [humanillnesses.com]
Sub-average intelligence is generally considered to be present when an individual scores two standard deviatons below the test mean. [psychology.wikia.org]
- Global Developmental Delay
People with mental retardation may be described as having developmental disabilities, global developmental delay, or learning difficulties. [autism-help.org]
Establishing the diagnosis of mental retardation Developmental disabilities may affect children in a single domain or in several arias of their life: global developmental delay, motor impairment, isolated speech and language delay, severe primary sensorial [intechopen.com]
"Absence of arcuate fasciculus in children with global developmental delay of unknown etiology: a diffusion tensor imaging study". J Pediatr. 152 (2): 250–5. doi : 10.1016/j.jpeds.2007.06.037. PMID 18206698. ^ "Definition". [en.wikipedia.org]
Treatment
However, little is known about their pathobiology and treatments are largely unconfirmed by controlled trials. [centerwatch.com]
Sadly, most of these poor souls are left without proper treatment, simply because their symptoms are not recognized as a sign of the severe mental disorder they clearly have. [change.org]
Discuss your child's treatment and support options with your health care provider or social worker so that you can help your child reach their full potential. [medlineplus.gov]
Overview A diagnosis of intellectual disability (ID) carries with it certain unique treatment needs that must be understood and addressed. [emedicine.medscape.com]
Prognosis
PROGNOSIS The prognosis for children with metal retardation has improved & institutional care is no longer recommended. These children are mainstreamed whenever feasible & are taught survival skills. A multidimensional orientation is used when working [slideshare.net]
Prognosis Individuals with mild to moderate mental retardation are frequently able to achieve some self-sufficiency and to lead happy and fulfilling lives. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]
When it is connected with fetal developmental deviations, the prognosis depends on the infant's general condition. [emedicine.medscape.com]
All of these problems are frequently encountered in profoundly retarded individuals who are nonambulatory." 3 The present study adds further evidence that the prognosis for persons with such severe handicaps is poor. [nejm.org]
Etiology
Abstract Individuals with mental disabilities are a heterogeneous group, mainly when we consider the etiology of mental retardation (MR). [liebertpub.com]
Journal of Mental Deficiency Research, 21, 3, 161-80, Sep 77 Presented are results of a study of the incidence, prevalence, gestational age, birth weight, associated central nervous system disorders, and etiological and pathogenetic aspects of 161 severely [eric.ed.gov]
Published on Jul 8, 2019 This presentation describes the etiology of mental retardation and discusses the potential for rehabilitation counselling and work potential in the various levels of retardation. [youtube.com]
Recognize the importance of obtaining a detailed family history (three generations) as part of the etiologic evaluation of mental retardation. Know the mechanism of inheritance for Fragile X. [pedsinreview.aappublications.org]
The etiological factors are both biological and psychosocial. In approximately 30%-40% of individuals seen in clinical settings, no clear etiology for the Mental Retardation can be determined despite extensive evaluation efforts. [courses.lumenlearning.com]
Epidemiology
Topics include behavioral, biochemical, clinical, cyto-, immuno-, molecular, neuro-, and population genetics; counseling, dysmorphology, gene therapy, epidemiology, and genomics. [eurekalert.org]
Links: epidemiology aetiology clinical features multiplicy of handicaps differential diagnosis preventive measures services mental handicap [gpnotebook.com]
Epidemiology About 3% of the world population is estimated to be mentally retarded. In India, 5 out of 1000 children are mentally retarded (The Indian Express, 13th March 2001). Mental retardation is more common in boys than girls. With severe [slideshare.net]
Epidemiology of mental retardation in children. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews 1998;4:6-13. Smith R (Editor). Children with mental retardation: a parents' guide. Rockville, MD: Woodbine House; 1993. [autismtruths.org]
Pathophysiology
Thus far, the project has established a pathophysiological basis for stereotyped behavior disorder, demonstrated the role of central dopamine deficiency in stereotyped behavior disorder, and provided evidence of the efficacy of both 5-HT uptake inhibitors [clinicaltrials.gov]
Prevention
[Go to the Genetics Home Reference Web site] Right now, we do not know how to prevent most conditions that cause intellectual disability. However, there are some causes that can be prevented. Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is one such cause. [autismtruths.org]
Preventive measures Some types of mental retardation can be prevented through genetic counseling to determine the risk of a couple having a retarded baby. [psychology.jrank.org]
Can intellectual disability be prevented? The prevention of intellectual disability refers to measures that reduce the risk of developmental issues in the community. A large number of these practices are related to maternal and child healthcare. [whiteswanfoundation.org]
Newborn screening and immediate treatment for PKU and hyperthyroidism can usually catch these disorders early enough to prevent retardation. Good prenatal care can also help prevent retardation. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]
Vaccinations can prevent pregnant women from getting infections such as German measles that can harm developing fetuses. Preventing toxo-plasmois and avoiding drugs and alcohol during pregnancy also help prevent mental retardation. [humanillnesses.com]